AN APPRAISAL OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES AMONG THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WORKERS IN NIGERIA, ADAMAWA STATE CASE STUDY

This paper appraises the psychotropic drugs and its consequences, reactions on construction workers, responses to a given performance, which can be behavioral, perceptional, physiological, emotional and cognitive. This study was basically an appraisal of psychotropic drugs on construction workers, identification of types and effects. Structural questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect data among construction workers. A simple statistical technique was used for the data analysis. The outcome of the study shows that majority (85%) of the population depend on drugs to achieve greater efficiency, acquire long lasting energy and alertness. The study further discovers the negative implications in terms of health risk and low productivity (i.e. caffeine(93%),create anxiety, disorder and sleep disruptions, Nicotines (73%) tobaccolosis, tramadol (85%) pelptic ulcer, marijuana(93%) mental sickness, codeine (73%)hyperactivity, Alcohol(51%)diabetes and hypertension), while poor or low quality job done is a sign of drug abuse intake by the workers. Others such as disobedient, quarrelling and abnormal behaviors are also sighs of drug abuse by the workers. This paper therefore, concludes that the use of psychotropic drugs by construction workers is real and is assuming an alarming rate in the industry. This study recommends collaborative effort between the construction firms and the drug regulatory agencies like National Drugs Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).Construction workers should undergo drug test process before given an employment, while seminars should be organized at least every quarter of the year on drug abuse or drug related issues or where special assistances in terms of professional advise and health intervention are given. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.2

Pattern of presentation and management of lip injuries in a Nigerian hospital

Aim: Human lip injuries, although uncommon, present major challenges in terms of reconstructive options and the outcome of surgical management. The reconstructive techniques are usually varied but the ultimate objectives of treatment are to achieve healing, function, and aesthetics. The aim of this study was to report the etiology, pattern of presentation, and surgical management of lip injuries in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH).Materials and Methods: A prospective study of consecutive cases of lip injury was conducted at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. Data collected included age and sex of patients, etiology, pattern of presentation, and surgical techniques of repair.Results: A total of 13 patients with lip injury to the lip were included in the study (M = 6, F = 7). Human bite (11 cases) was the most common cause of injury followed by electric burns (2 cases). The most (81.8%) frequently affected site was the lower lip. Most patients presented within 72 hours after injury with infected wound. Treatment offered included thorough debridement and primary repair using various surgical techniques. A one-stage surgical technique was employed in all cases. Healing was uneventful in all cases and satisfactory.Conclusion: Most of the lip injuries in the present study were due to human bites with almost equal sex distribution. Lower lip was most commonly affected. All cases were successfully treated by debridement, broad spectrum antibiotic coverage, and one-stage surgical repair with a favorable outcome

Techno-economic packaging of palm wine preservation and bottling technology for entrepreneurs

The study was carried out to investigate the economic viability of setting up a small scale palm wine bottling factory with a view to providing investment data to guide entrepreneurs in making investment decisions. The economic evaluation was based on a factory capacity of 750,000 bottles (60cl) per annum with production commencing in year one at 75% capacity utilization. Production cost estimate varies between N37.85/bottle (60cl) in the first year and N35.37/bottle (60cl) in the fifth year. The annual netprofits are N8, 460,430.00 and N12, 025,710.00 in years one and five respectively. Projected cash flow is positive in year one i.e. N5,329,960.00 while the projected balance sheet shows that the net worth of theproject is N19,904,010.00 in year one and N41,887,370.00 in year five. Payback period, discounted payback period and profitability index are 1.4 years, 3.3 years and 1.5 respectively. The breakeven point in year one is 48.1% or a breakeven sales volume of N16, 236,312.35.00.  The Return on Investment (ROI) and Return on Equity (ROE) in year one are 57.5% and 86.1% respectively. Capital Turnover Ratio (CTR) varies between 2.3 and 2.9 within the first five years. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is above 45%. The Net Present Value (NPV) at 25% is estimated at N3, 143,100.00. The Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) increases gradually from 1.33 to 2.75 between the first and the fifth year

Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among postnatal women in Lagos, Nigeria

Background: Globally, postpartum depression is one of the most common but often unrecognized complications of childbirth, yearly affecting about 10\u201315% of postnatal women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression and its predictors among postnatal women in Lagos. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 mothers in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria, attending six Primary Health Care centers for infant immunization at six weeks post-delivery. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire which included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Analysis was carried out using SPSS version 23TM. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations and predictive relationships between various factors and the presence of postpartum depression. The level of significance was set at <0.05. Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 35.6%. Multiparity, delivery by cesarean section, mother being unwell after delivery, and not exclusively breastfeeding the baby were the factors linked with postpartum depression. Following multiple logistic regression, having postpartum blues (p=0.000; OR=32.77; 95%CI=7.23-148.58)., not getting help with caring for the baby (p=0.008; OR=2.64; 95%CI=1.29-5.42), experiencing intimate partner violence (p=0.000; OR=5.2; 95%CI=2.23-11.91) and having an unsupportive partner (p=0.018; OR=2.6; 95%CI=1.17-5.78) were identified as predictors of postpartum depression. Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of postpartum depression, identifying both the obstetric and psychosocial predictors. Social support for women both in the pre- and postnatal periods and routine screening of women for postpartum depression should be encouraged for early detection and immediate intervention

Effect of age, impaction types and operative time on inflammatory tissue reactions following lower third molar surgery

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Postoperative mobidity following third molar surgery is affected by a number of factors. The study of these factors is essential for effective planning and limitation of morbidity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age, type of impaction and operative time on immediate postoperative tissue reactions following mandibular third molar surgery.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Consecutive patients with impacted mandibular third molar teeth were studied. All the third molars were classified according to Winter's classification. Surgical extraction was performed on all the patients by a single surgeon under local anaesthesia. The operation time was determined by the time lapse between incision and completion of suturing. Postoperative pain, swelling and trismus were evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were 120 patients with an age range of 19-42 years. Patients in the age range of 35-42 years recorded a lower pain score (p = 0.5) on day 1. The mouth opening was much better in the lower age group on day 2 and 5 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.01 respectively). Pain, swelling and trismus increased with increasing operative time. Distoangular impaction was significantly associated with higher VAS score on day 1 and 2 (p = 0.01, 0.0, 04). Distoangular and horizontal impaction are associated with a higher degree of swelling and reduced mouth opening on postoperative review days. Vertical impaction was associated with the least degree of facial swelling and best mouth opening.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Increasing operating time and advancing age are associated with more postoperative morbidity, likewise distoangular and horizontal impaction types.</p

A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans

African Americans are disproportionately affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) yet few studies have examined T2DM using genome-wide association approaches in this ethnicity. The aim of this study was to identify genes associated with T2DM in the African American population. We performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) using the Affymetrix 6.0 array in 965 African-American cases with T2DM and end-stage renal disease (T2DM-ESRD) and 1029 population-based controls. The most significant SNPs (n = 550 independent loci) were genotyped in a replication cohort and 122 SNPs (n = 98 independent loci) were further tested through genotyping three additional validation cohorts followed by meta-analysis in all five cohorts totaling 3,132 cases and 3,317 controls. Twelve SNPs had evidence of association in the GWAS (P<0.0071), were directionally consistent in the Replication cohort and were associated with T2DM in subjects without nephropathy (P<0.05). Meta-analysis in all cases and controls revealed a single SNP reaching genome-wide significance (P<2.5×10(-8)). SNP rs7560163 (P = 7.0×10(-9), OR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.67-0.84)) is located intergenically between RND3 and RBM43. Four additional loci (rs7542900, rs4659485, rs2722769 and rs7107217) were associated with T2DM (P<0.05) and reached more nominal levels of significance (P<2.5×10(-5)) in the overall analysis and may represent novel loci that contribute to T2DM. We have identified novel T2DM-susceptibility variants in the African-American population. Notably, T2DM risk was associated with the major allele and implies an interesting genetic architecture in this population. These results suggest that multiple loci underlie T2DM susceptibility in the African-American population and that these loci are distinct from those identified in other ethnic populations

A genome-wide association search for type 2 diabetes genes in African Americans

African Americans are disproportionately affected by type 2 diabetes (T2DM) yet few studies have examined T2DM using genome-wide association approaches in this ethnicity. The aim of this study was to identify genes associated with T2DM in the African American population. We performed a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) using the Affymetrix 6.0 array in 965 African-American cases with T2DM and end-stage renal disease (T2DM-ESRD) and 1029 population-based controls. The most significant SNPs (n = 550 independent loci) were genotyped in a replication cohort and 122 SNPs (n = 98 independent loci) were further tested through genotyping three additional validation cohorts followed by meta-analysis in all five cohorts totaling 3,132 cases and 3,317 controls. Twelve SNPs had evidence of association in the GWAS (P<0.0071), were directionally consistent in the Replication cohort and were associated with T2DM in subjects without nephropathy (P<0.05). Meta-analysis in all cases and controls revealed a single SNP reaching genome-wide significance (P<2.5×10(-8)). SNP rs7560163 (P = 7.0×10(-9), OR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.67-0.84)) is located intergenically between RND3 and RBM43. Four additional loci (rs7542900, rs4659485, rs2722769 and rs7107217) were associated with T2DM (P<0.05) and reached more nominal levels of significance (P<2.5×10(-5)) in the overall analysis and may represent novel loci that contribute to T2DM. We have identified novel T2DM-susceptibility variants in the African-American population. Notably, T2DM risk was associated with the major allele and implies an interesting genetic architecture in this population. These results suggest that multiple loci underlie T2DM susceptibility in the African-American population and that these loci are distinct from those identified in other ethnic populations

AN APPRAISAL OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES AMONG THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WORKERS IN NIGERIA, ADAMAWA STATE CASE STUDY

This paper appraises the psychotropic drugs and its consequences, reactions on construction workers, responses to a given performance, which can be behavioral, perceptional, physiological, emotional and cognitive. This study was basically an appraisal of psychotropic drugs on construction workers, identification of types and effects. Structural questionnaires and oral interviews were used to collect data among construction workers. A simple statistical technique was used for the data analysis. The outcome of the study shows that majority (85%) of the population depend on drugs to achieve greater efficiency, acquire long lasting energy and alertness. The study further discovers the negative implications in terms of health risk and low productivity (i.e. caffeine(93%),create anxiety, disorder and sleep disruptions, Nicotines (73%) tobaccolosis, tramadol (85%) pelptic ulcer, marijuana(93%) mental sickness, codeine (73%)hyperactivity, Alcohol(51%)diabetes and hypertension), while poor or low quality job done is a sign of drug abuse intake by the workers. Others such as disobedient, quarrelling and abnormal behaviors are also sighs of drug abuse by the workers. This paper therefore, concludes that the use of psychotropic drugs by construction workers is real and is assuming an alarming rate in the industry. This study recommends collaborative effort between the construction firms and the drug regulatory agencies like National Drugs Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).Construction workers should undergo drug test process before given an employment, while seminars should be organized at least every quarter of the year on drug abuse or drug related issues or where special assistances in terms of professional advise and health intervention are given. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i1.29 </jats:p

Effects of Abattoir Effluents on Heavy Metal Tolerance, Bacteriological Quality and Physicochemical Parameters of Contaminated Soil in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of effluent produced from Yola abattoir on the heavy metals, the physicochemical parameters and the bacteriological quality of the contaminated soil. Stratified sampling technique was used to collect soil samples from the abattoir environment. Isolation of bacteria, cultural and biochemical characteristics were assessed using pour-plate and conventional techniques. Heavy metals presence was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Heavy metal tolerance by bacteria was done by agar plate method. The molecular identification was carried out using 16S rRNA gene of the bacteria. All data obtained were subjected to statistical analyses using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. Total bacterial count ranged from 6.19 x 105 and 8.50 x 105 CFU/mL. Bacterial species of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli were isolated and identified. The highest mean value of the physicochemical parameters for pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen content, water holding capacity, total solid and total suspended solid of the effluent contaminated soil were 7.03, 7.97 %, 13.76 %, 2.48 %, 3346 g/cm, 1263 mg/L and 872 mg/L respectively. The minimum tolerance concentration of 50 ppm for copper, iron, zinc and cobalt was observed with a bacterium identified to be a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolated and identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa HBS2 strain has the potential to be used in bioremediation.</jats:p

Congenital granula cell tumour: report of a case

Congenital granular cell tumour of the newborn is an uncommon benign tumour of uncertain origin. Mostly, it occurs as a single tumour but rarely as multiple. The lesion arises from the mucosa of the gingiva either from maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridge. This paper reports a three-day old female patient who presented at the dental centre of General Hospital, Lagos with a pedunculated soft tissue mass arising from the incisal region of the maxillary alveolar ridge. The lesion was excised under local anasthaesia when the baby was four days old. Microscopic examination of the lesion showed stratified squamous epithelium overlying sheets of large polygonal cells with granular cytoplasm and a diagnosis was congenital granular cell tumour. In view of the fact that cases reported in the scientific literature are not too many, there is justification for report of this case and reports of more cases are recommended   Key words: Congenital granular cell tumour, Maxilla.