Trichoderma spp. en el control biológico de Colletotricum lindemuthianum (Sacc.etmagn) Scribb, agente de la antracnosis del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Para seleccionar especies de Trichoderma con mejor desempeño antagónico sobre razas de Colletotrichum lindemutianum in vitro, fueron utilizadas las técnicas de cultivos pareados y la del papel celofán.Se utilizaron las especies de Trichoderma harzianum  (T 25), T. koniingii (T15), T. pseudokonigii (T26), T. aureoviride (T10) y T. viride (TR2), además de las razas de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Ba2 y Ba10. En el test deapareamiento, se verificó que las 5 especies de Trichoderma, causaron alteraciones morfológicas en las hifas de las 2 razas del fitopatógeno,  evidenciando un posible antagonismo.El test del papel celofán, con la raza Ba2, mostró que T. harzianum y T. viride, causaron una disminución apreciable en el diámetro de las colonias, en relación a las otras especies. Con la raza Ba10, se verificó que T. koningii, T. harzianum, T. aureoviride y T. viride, causaron una disminución apreciable en los diámetros de las colonias en órden creciente, siendo T. viride la más eficiente.T. pseudokoningii, no causó reducciones apreciables sobre la raza Ba10

Photosynthetic response of poikilochlorophyllous desiccation-tolerant Pleurostima purpurea (Velloziaceae) to dehydration and rehydration

The poikilochorophyllous, desiccation-tolerant (PDT) angiosperm, Pleurostima purpurea, normally occurs in less exposed \ud rock faces and slightly shady sites. Our aim was to evaluate the light susceptibility of the photosynthetic apparatus during \ud dehydration-rehydration cycle in P. purpurea. In a controlled environment, the potted plants were subjected to water \ud deficit under two different photosynthetic photon flux densities [PPFD, 100 and 400 µmol(photon) m–2 s–1]. In the higher \ud PPFD, net photosynthetic rate (PN) become undetectable after stomata closure but photochemical efficiency of \ud photosystem II, electron transport rate, and photochemical quenching coefficient were maintained relatively high, despite \ud a partial decrease. The photochemical activity was inhibited only after the complete loss of chlorophylls, when leaf relative \ud water content dropped below 72% and total carotenoids reached maximal accumulation. Nonphotochemical energy \ud dissipation increased earlier in response to dehydration under higher PPFD. PN and photochemical activity were fully \ud recovered after rehydration under both light treatments. Our results suggested that the natural occurrence of P. purpurea \ud should not be restricted by the light intensity during the complete desiccation-rehydration cycles.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São PauloCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA AO DESGASTE DA LIGA DE ALUMÍNIO SAE 305 APÓS PROCESSO DE ANODIZAÇÃO

A baixa dureza e resistência ao desgaste do alumínio e suas ligas são fatores de restrição à aplicação dos mesmos. No entanto, nas últimas décadas, vários tratamentos superficiais têm sido desenvolvidos possibilitando diversificar a aplicabilidade das ligas de alumínio, notadamente nas indústrias automotiva e aeroespacial. O presente trabalho pretende estudar o comportamento da Anodização sobre a resistência ao desgaste superficial da liga de alumínio SAE 305. O estudo comparativo foi realizado através de ensaios de desgaste por deslizamento recíproco, na configuração esfera-sobre-plano. Para todos os ensaios foi adotada uma carga normal de contato de 10 N, com uma faixa de deslocamento de 4 mm, uma frequência de oscilação linear de 8 Hz, e dois tempos de duração de ensaio (30 minutos e 60 minutos). O desgaste das amostras foi mensurado através da perda volumétrica utilizando microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras da liga de alumínio anodizado tiveram suave aumento na resistência em relação às amostras sem revestimento. Os resultados foram discutidos em termos dos mecanismos de desgaste, que foram caracterizados através de análise utilizando microscopia confocal de varredura a laser. Palavras-chave: Resistência ao desgaste, Liga de alumínio SAE 305, Alumínio anodizad

Chemical degradation kinetics of fibrates: bezafibrate, ciprofibrate and fenofibrate

ABSTRACT Fibrates are drugs used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Three drugs in the fibrate class, ciprofibrate, fenofibrate and bezafibrate, were chosen for this study because their raw materials are readily available and because scientific publications on these compounds is limited. To evaluate their intrinsic stability, the drugs were exposed to a test condition (temperature, oxidation, UV light exposure, hydrolysis at different pH values and metal ions in solution) and then were subjected to analysis by HPLC. The samples were run on a C18 column, with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 in a mobile phase consisting of methanol: 0.01 % phosphoric acid v/v (80:20), with variable detection wavelengths in the UV spectra. The analysis methodology showed satisfactory performance parameters. The three drugs were very unstable, degrading in each of the conditions evaluated. The test conditions of acid and basic hydrolysis showed the most significant degradation. The results demonstrated that the drugs in this class are unstable. Based on these experimentally determined degradation kinetics, it is easy to understand and emphasize the importance of the lack of liquid dosage forms on the market for fibrates because of their instability

Observational Constraints on Chaplygin Quartessence: Background Results

We derive the constraints set by several experiments on the quartessence Chaplygin model (QCM). In this scenario, a single fluid component drives the Universe from a nonrelativistic matter-dominated phase to an accelerated expansion phase behaving, first, like dark matter and in a more recent epoch like dark energy. We consider current data from SNIa experiments, statistics of gravitational lensing, FR IIb radio galaxies, and x-ray gas mass fraction in galaxy clusters. We investigate the constraints from this data set on flat Chaplygin quartessence cosmologies. The observables considered here are dependent essentially on the background geometry, and not on the specific form of the QCM fluctuations. We obtain the confidence region on the two parameters of the model from a combined analysis of all the above tests. We find that the best-fit occurs close to the $\Lambda$CDM limit ($\alpha=0$). The standard Chaplygin quartessence ($\alpha=1$) is also allowed by the data, but only at the $\sim2\sigma$ level.Comment: Replaced to match the published version, references update

Total Luminal Volume Predicts Risk after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Objective: Large aneurysm diameter represents a well known predictor of late complications after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). However, the role of the thrombus free lumen inside the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) sac is not clear. It was hypothesised that greater luminal volume represents a relevant risk factor for late complications after EVAR. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed including all patients undergoing EVAR from 2005 to 2016 at a tertiary referral institution. Pre-operative AAA lumen volume was measured in centre lumen line reconstructions and patients were stratified into quartiles according to luminal volume. The primary endpoint was freedom from AAA related complications. Secondary endpoints were freedom from neck events (type 1A endoleak, migration >5 mm or any pre-emptive neck related intervention), iliac related events (type 1B endoleak or pre-emptive iliac related intervention), and overall survival. Results: Four hundred and four patients were included: 101 in the first quartile (Q1; <61 cm3). Patients with higher luminal volumes had wider, shorter, and more angulated proximal necks. There were more ruptured AAAs, more aorto-uni-iliac implanted devices and patients outside neck instructions for use in the 4th quartile. Five year freedo

Comparison of midterm results of endovascular aneurysm repair for ruptured and elective abdominal aortic aneurysms

Objective: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) became an increasingly preferred modality for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair both in elective AAA repair (el-EVAR) and EVAR of a ruptured AAA (r-EVAR) setting. Ruptured AAAs usually have more hostile anatomies and less time for planning. Consequently, more complications may arise after r-EVAR. The purpose of this study was to compare mi-term outcomes between r-EVAR and el-EVAR. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing EVAR from 2000 to 2015 at a tertiary institution was performed. Patients with previous aortic surgery, nonatherosclerotic AAA and isolated iliac aneurysms were excluded. In-hospital casualties or patients who were intraoperatively converted to open repair were also excluded. For the midterm outcome analysis, only patients with at least two postoperative examinations (a 30-day computed tomography scan and a second postoperative examination performed 6 months or later) were considered. The primary end point was freedom from aneurysm-related complications (a composite of type I or III endoleak, aneurysm sac growth, migration of more than 5 mm, device integrity failure, AAA-related death, late postimplant rupture, or AAA-related secondary intervention). Freedom from secondary interventions, neck-related events (defined as a composite of type IA endoleak, migration of more than 5 mm, or preemptive neck-related secondary intervention) and late survival were secondary end points. The impact of device instructions for use (IFU) compliance on neck events was also assessed. Results: The study included 565 patients (65 r-EVAR and 500 el-EVAR). Eighty-two patients were treated outside proximal neck IFU, 13 in the r-EVAR group (21.3%) and 69 (14.5%) in the el-EVAR (P =.16). During the index hospitalization, there were more complications (12.3% vs 3.2%; P =.001) and reinterventions (12.3% vs 2.8%; P <.001) in the r-EVAR group. After discharge, median clinical follow-up time was 4.3 years (interquartile range, 2.1-7.0 years) without differences between both groups. Five-year freedom from AAA-related complications was 53.9% in the r-EVAR group and 65.4% in the el-EVAR (P =.21). In multivariable analysis the r-EVAR group was not at increased risk for late complications (hazard ratio [HR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-1.61; P =.81). Five-year freedom from neck-related events was 74% in r-EVAR and 82% in the el-EVAR group (P =.345). Patients treated outside neck IFU were at greater risk for neck-related events both in r-EVAR (HR, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.8-22.9; P =.004) and el-EVAR group (HR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.5-4.5; P <.001). Freedom from secondary interventions at 5 years was 63.0% for r-EVAR and 76.9% for el-EVAR (P =.16). Survival at 5 years was 68.8% in the r-EVAR group and 73.3% in the el-EVAR group (P =.30). Conclusions: Durable and sustainable midterm outcomes were found for both r-EVAR and el-EVAR patients who survived the postoperative period. Patients treated out