Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

Attenuation Correction Effects On Spect/ct Procedures: Phantoms Studies

Attenuation correction is widely used in SPECT/CT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) procedures, especially for imaging of the thorax region. Different compensationmethods have been developed and introduced into clinical practice. Most of them use attenuation maps obtained using transmission scanning systems. However, this gives extra dose of radiation to the patient. The purpose of this study was to identify when attenuation correction is really important during SPECT/CT procedures.For this purpose, we used Jaszczak phantom and phantom with three line sources, filled with technetium (99m-Tc), with scattering materials, like air, water and acrylic, in different detectors configurations. In all imagesacquired were applied analytic and iterative reconstruction algorithms; the last one with or without attenuation correction. We analyzed parameters such as eccentricity, contrast and spatial resolution in the images.The best reconstruction algorithm on average was iterative, for images with 128×128 and 64×64 matrixes. The analytical algorithm was effective only to improve eccentricity in 64×64 matrix and matrix in contrast 128×128 with low statistics. Turning to the clinical routine examinations, on average, for 128×128 matrix and low statistics counting, the best algorithm was the iterative, without attenuation correction,improving in 150% the three parameters analyzed and, for the same matrix size, but with high statistical counting, iterative algorithm with attenuation correction was 25% better than that without correction. We can conclude that using the iterative algorithm with attenuation correction in the water, anditsextra dosegiven, is not justified for the procedures of low statistic counting, being relevant only if the intention is to prioritize contrastinacquisitions with high statistic counting. © 2013 IEEE.23242327Hendel, R.C., Corbett, J.R., Cullom, S.J., The value and practice of attenuation correction for myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging: A joint position statement from the American society of nuclear cardiology and the society of nuclear medicine (2002) J Nucl Med, 43, pp. 273-280Ficaro, E.P., Should SPET attenuation correction be more widely employed in routine clinical practice? (2002) For.Eur J Nucl Med, 29, pp. 409-412Nickoloff, E.L., Perman, W.H., Esser, P.D., Bashist, B., Alderson, P.O., Left ventricular volume: Physical basis for attenuation corrections in radionuclide determinations (1984) Radiology, 152, pp. 511-515Zaidi, H., Hasegawa, B., Determination of the attenuation map in emission tomography (2003) J Nucl Med, 44, pp. 291-315Patton, J.A., Turkington, T.G., SPECT/CT physical principles and attenuation correction (2008) J Nucl Med, 36, pp. 1-10Celler, A., Dixon, K.L., Chang, Z., Blinder, S., Powe, J., Harrop, R., Problems created in attenuation-corrected SPECT images by artifacts in attenuation maps: A simulation study (2005) J Nucl Med, 46, pp. 335-343Galt, J.R., Cullom, S.J., Garcia, E.V., SPECT quantification: A simplified method of attenuation and scatter correction for cardiac imaging (1992) J Nucl Med, 33, pp. 2232-2237Farid, K., (2011) CT Nonuniform Attenuation and TEW Scatter Corrections in Brain Tc-99m ECD SPECT Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 36 (8), pp. 665-668Tang, H.R., Brown, J.K., Al, A.J.D., Implementation of a combined x-ray ct-scintillation camera imaging system for localizing and measuring radionuclide uptake: Experiments in phantoms and patients (1999) IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 46, pp. 551-557Blankespoor, S.C., Xu, X., Kaiki, K., Attenuation correction of SPECT using x-ray ct on an emission- transmission ct system: Myocardial perfusion assessment (1996) IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, 43, pp. 2263-2274Changizi, V., Scatter correction for heart SPECT images using TEW method (2008) Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, 9, p.

Análisis sensorial de carne seca y salada de ovinos y caprinos

Una de las limitaciones de la producción de ovejas y cabras en Portugal es qué hacer con los animales de desvieje. Con el propósito de asignarle un valor añadido a este producto se estudió un proceso de transformación, el salado y secado de cuatro partes de la canal deshuesada (dos delanteros y dos traseros) con la finalidad de obtener una manta de carne. Aunque muchos estudios han señalado la influencia de las características nutritivas en la elección de alimentos, las propiedades sensoriales también son muy importantes para la aceptabilidad de la carne. Sin embargo, a menudo, las variables de preferencia se incluyen en los estudios de fichas descriptivas, mientras que en otros estudios se examinan las diferencias entre los productos sólo en términos de aceptación general (Risvik, 1994). El análisis sensorial realizado por catadores capacitados es la herramienta más adecuada para explicar las diferencias entre los tratamientos percibidas por los seres humanos. Así, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la especie y partes de la canal en la caracterización sensorial