Are ecosystem services provided by insects “bugged” by micro (nano)plastics?

Although the study of the effects of microplastics increased in the last years, terrestrial ecosystems remain less studied. In fact, the effects of microplastics in insects, the most abundant group of animals and major providers of key Ecosystem Services, are not well known despite the potential cascading negative effects on the ecosystems functioning in the habitats where they occur. In this paper, a revision on available studies on microplastics contamination is provided and potential consequences to major Ecosystem Services provided by insects are discussed, using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) methodology. The revision underpinned probable and potential impacts for all tree CICES divisions, i.e.: Provision, Regulation and Maintenance and Cultural Services. The available studies seem to show that different groups react differently to microplastics contamination, which clearly indicates that the effects in Ecosystem Services provided by insects need a more empirical and targeted approach.publishe

Nongenotoxic Effects And A Reduction Of The Dxr-induced Genotoxic Effects Of Helianthus Annuus Linné (sunflower) Seeds Revealed By Micronucleus Assays In Mouse Bone Marrow

Background: This research evaluated the genotoxicity of oil and tincture of H. annuus L. seeds using the micronucleus assay in bone marrow of mice. The interaction between these preparations and the genotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DXR) was also analysed (antigenotoxicity test) .Methods: Experimental groups were evaluated at 24-48 h post treatment with N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea (positive control - NEU), DXR (chemotherapeutic), NaCl (negative control), a sunflower tincture (THALS) and two sources of sunflower oils (POHALS and FOHALS). Antigenotoxic assays were carried out using the sunflower tincture and oils separately and in combination with NUE or DXR. Results: For THALS, analysis of the MNPCEs showed no significant differences between treatment doses (250-2,000 mg.Kg-1) and NaCl. A significant reduction in MNPCE was observed when THALS (2,000 mg.Kg-1) was administered in combination with DXR (5 mg.Kg-1). For POHALS or FOHALS, analysis of the MNPCEs also showed no significant differences between treatment doses (250-2,000 mg.Kg-1) and NaCl. However, the combination DXR + POHALS (2,000 mg.Kg-1) or DXR + FOHALS (2,000 mg.Kg-1) not contributed to the MNPCEs reduction. Conclusions: This research suggests absence of genotoxicity of THALS, dose-, time- and sex-independent, and its combination with DXR can reduce the genotoxic effects of DXR. POHALS and FOHALS also showed absence of genotoxicity, but their association with DXR showed no antigenotoxic effects. © 2014 Boriollo et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.14Sunflowers: Helianthus (Compositae-Heliantheae) (1976) Evolution of Crop Plants, pp. 36-38. , London: Longmans Green, Simmonds NW, Heiser CBEarle, F.R., Vanetten, C.H., Clark, T.F., Wolff, I.A., Compositional data on sunflower seed (1968) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 45, pp. 876-879Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N., Kadam, S.S., World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization (1992) Sunflower, , New York: Van Nostrand ReinholdGonzáles-Pérez, S., Vereijken, J.M., Sunflower proteins: Overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties (2007) J Sci Food Agric, 87, pp. 2173-2191Warner, K.A., Mounts, T.L., List, G.V.R., Effects of added tocopherols on the flavor stability of purified vegetable oils (1990) Inform, 1, p. 326Ito, T., Tamura, T., Matsumoto, T., Sterol Composition of 19 vegetable oils (1973) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 50, pp. 122-125. , 10.1007/BF02633564, 4707293Trost, V.W., Characterization of corn oil, soybean oil and sunflower oil nonpolar material (1989) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 66, pp. 325-333Dupont, H.L., Sullivan, P., Evans, D.G., Vollet, J.J., Ericsson, C.D., Ackerman, P.B., Tjoa, W.S., Prevention of traveler's diarrhea (emporiatric enteritis). Prophylactic administration of subsalicylate bismuth (1980) JAMA, 243, pp. 237-241. , 10.1001/jama.1980.03300290019013, 6985681Cowan, J.C., Key factors and recent advances in the flavor stability of soybean oil (1966) J Am Oil Chem Soc, 43, pp. 300A-302A. , 318A, 320, 10.1007/BF02682424, 5328054Bierenbaum, M.L., Fleischman, A.I., Dun, J., Arnold, J., Possible toxic waste factor in coronary heart disease (1975) Lancet, 1, pp. 1008-1010Purves, D., Harvey, C., Tweats, D., Lumley, C.E., Genotoxity testing: current practices and strategies used by the pharmaceutical industry (1995) Mutagenesis, 10, pp. 297-312. , 10.1093/mutage/10.4.297, 7476265Varanda, E.A., Atividade mutagênica de plantas medicinais (2006) Rev Ciênc Farm Básica Apl, 27, pp. 1-7Mateuca, R., Lombaert, N., Aka, P.V., Decordier, I., Kirsch-Volders, M., Chromosomal changes: induction, detection methods and applicability in human biomonitoring (2006) Biochimie, 88, pp. 1515-1531. , 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.07.004, 16919864Krishna, G., Hayashi, M., In vivo rodent micronucleus assay: protocol, conduct and data interpretation (2000) Mutat Res, 455, pp. 155-166. , 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00117-2, 11113474(1997) OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Bacterial reverse mutation test, p. 471. , Paris, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development(1997) OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: In vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test, p. 473. , Paris, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development(1997) OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, p. 474. , Paris, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentAlves, J.M., Munari, C.C., Neto, M.A.B.M., Furtado, R.A., Senedese, J.M., Bastos, J.K., Tavares, D.C., In vivo protective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii hydroalcoholic extract on micronuclei induction by doxorubicin (2013) J Appl Toxicol, 33, pp. 854-860. , 10.1002/jat.2777, 22611044Indart, A., Viana, M., Clapés, S., Izquierdo, L., Bonet, B., Clastogenic and cytotoxic effects of lipid peroxidation products generated in culinary oils submitted to thermal stress (2007) Food Chem Toxicol, 45, pp. 1963-1967. , 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.019, 17573172Venkatesh, P., Shantala, B., Jagetia, G.C., Rao, K.K., Baliga, M.S., Modulation of Doxorubicin-Induced Genotoxicity by Aegle marmelos in Mouse Bone Marrow: A Micronucleus Study (2007) Integr Cancer Ther, 6, pp. 42-53. , 10.1177/1534735406298302, 17351026(2010) Farmacopéia Brasileira, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA/Fundação Oswaldo, , Brasília: Cruz - FIOCRUZ, BrasilSex differences in the micronucleus test (1986) Mutat Res, 172, pp. 151-163. , Collaborative Study Group for the Micronucleus Test (CSGMT)Zambrano, M.A., Targa, H.J., Rabello-Gay, M.N., Physiological saline solutions as a useful tool in micronucleus and metaphase slide preparations (1982) Stain Technol, 57, pp. 48-49Lewi, D.M., Hopp, H.E., Escandon, A.S., Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (2006) Methods Mol Biol, 343, pp. 291-297Heo, J.C., Woo, S.U.K., Kweon, M.A., Park, J.Y., Lee, H.K., Son, M., Rho, J.R., Lee, S.H., Aqueous extract of the Helianthus annuus seed alleviates asthmatic symptoms in vivo (2008) Int J Mol Med Chem, 21, pp. 57-61Cardoso, C.C., Rodrigues, K.L., Pichara, N.L., Dall'Aglio, R., Fiorini, J.E., Fraschini, F., Diana, G.M., Carvalho, J.C.T., Olio di girasole ozonizzato associate ad acido α-lipoico e a lattobacilli: studio pre-clinico dell'azione antiulcerosa, antinfiammatoria e antibatterica (2004) Farmaci, 28, pp. 97-110Ricardo, G.A., Zullyt, Z.R., Yilian, L., Hernández, F., Menéndez, S., Efecto del OLEOZON® frente a lesiones gástricas inducidas por indometacina en ratas (Effect of OLEOZON® on gastric lesions induced by indomethacin in rats) (2007) Revista electrónica de Veterinaria, 8, pp. 1-6Rodrigues, K.L., Cardoso, C.C., Caputo, L.R., Carvalho, J.C., Fiorini, J.E., Schneedorf, J.M., Cicatrizing and antimicrobial properties of an ozonised oil from sunflower seeds (2004) Inflammopharmacology, 3, pp. 261-270Akihisa, T., Yasukawa, K., Oinuma, H., Kasahara, Y., Kimura, Y., Takase, S., Yamanouchi, S., Tamura, T., Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of Compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects (1996) Phytochemistry, 43, pp. 1255-1260. , 10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00343-3, 8987908Rojas-Molina, M., Campos-Sanches, J., Analla, M., Serrano, M., Moraga, A.A., Genotoxicity of vegetable cooking oils in the Drosophila wing spot test (2005) Environ Mol Mutagen, 45, pp. 90-95. , 10.1002/em.20078, 15611939Montero, A.C.R., Carvajal, Y.G., Rodríguez, Z.Z., López, G.F., Mirabal, J.M., Evaluación genotóxica del OLEOZON mediante los ensayos de micronúcleos en medula ósea y sangre periférica de ratón (1998) Revista CENIC: Ciências Biológicas, 29, pp. 200-202Salerno, J.W., Smith, D.E., The use of sesame oil and other vegetable oils in the inhibition of human colon cancer growth in vitro (1991) Anticancer Res, 11, pp. 209-215Cognault, S., Jourdan, M.L., Germain, E., Pitavy, R., Morel, E., Durand, G., Bougnoux, P., Lhuillery, C., Effect of an m-linolenic acid-rich diet on rat mammary tumour growth depends on the dietary oxidative status (2000) Nutr Cancer, 36, pp. 33-41. , 10.1207/S15327914NC3601_6, 10798214Nakayama, M., Ju, H.R., Sugano, M., Hirose, N., Ueki, T., Doi, F., Eynard, A.R., Effect of dietary fat and cholesterol on dimethylbenz [a]-antracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats (1993) Anticancer Res, 13, pp. 691-698La Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., Decarli, A., Giacosa, A., Lipworth, L., Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy) (1995) Cancer Cause Control, 6, pp. 545-550Rao, G.N., Ney, E., Herbert, R.A., Effect of melatonin and linolenic acid on mammary cancer in transgenic mice with c-neu breast cancer oncogen (2000) Breast Cancer Res, 64, pp. 287-296Burns, C.P., Luttenegger, D.G., Specctor, A.A., Effect of dietary fat saturation on survival of mice with L1210 Leukemia (1978) J Natl Cancer Inst, 61, pp. 513-515Bartsch, H., Nai, J., Owen, R.W., Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancer of the breast and colorectum: emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers (1999) Carcinogenesis, 20, pp. 2209-2218. , 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2209, 10590211Boovens, J., Engelbrecht, P., Le Roux, S., Louwrens, C.C., Van der Merwe, C.F., Katzeff, I.E., Some effects of the essential fatty acids linoleic acid and alpha-Linolenic acid and of their metabolites gamma-Linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahesaenoic acid, and of prostaglandins A1 and E1 in the proliferation of human osteogenic sarcoma cells in culture (1984) Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 15, pp. 15-33. , 10.1016/0262-1746(84)90053-2, 6089235Johanning, G.L., Lin, T.Z., Unsaturated fatty acid effects on human breast cancer cell adhesion (1995) Nutr Cancer, 24, pp. 57-66. , 10.1080/01635589509514393, 7491298Newcomer, L.M., King, I.B., Wicklund, K.G., Stanford, J.L., The association of fatty acids with prostate cancer risk (2001) Prostate, 47, pp. 262-268. , 10.1002/pros.1070, 11398173Iwado, H., Naito, M., Hayatsu, H., Genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of air-borne particulates (1991) Mutat Res, 246, pp. 93-103. , 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90110-A, 1986270Siegel, I., Liu, T.L., Yaghoubzadeh, E., Keskey, T.S., Gleicher, N., Cytotoxic effects of free fatty acids on ascites tumor cells (1987) J Natl Cancer Inst Monographs, 78, pp. 271-277Bégin, L.R., Clement, P.B., Kirk, M.E., Jothy, S., McCaughey, W.T., Ferenczy, A., Aggressive angiomyxoma of pelvic soft parts: a clinicopathologic study of nine cases (1985) Hum Pathol, 16, pp. 621-628. , 10.1016/S0046-8177(85)80112-X, 3997139Ramon, J.M., Bou, R., Romea, S., Alkiza, M.E., Jacas, M., Ribes, J., Oromi, J., Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain (2000) Cancer Cause Control, 11, pp. 679-685DeFlora, S., Ramel, C., Mechanisms of inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis: classification and review (1988) Mutat Res, 202, pp. 285-306. , 10.1016/0027-5107(88)90193-5, 3057362Visioli, F., Bellosta, S., Galli, C., Oleuropein, the bitter principle of olives, enhances nitric-oxide production by mouse macrophages (1998) Life Sci, 62, pp. 541-546. , 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01150-8, 9464466Santos, J.H., Graf, U., Reguly, M.L., De Andrade, H.H.R., The synergistic effects of vanillin on recombination predominate over its antigenotoxic action in relation to MMC-induced lesions in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster (1999) Mutat Res, 444, pp. 355-365. , 10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00101-1, 10521675Weisburger, J.H., Can cancer risks be altered by changing nutritional traditions? (1998) Cancer, 83, pp. 1278-1281. , 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981001)83:73.0.CO;2-F, 9762926Katiyar, S.K., Mohan, R.R., Agarwal, R., Mukhtar, H., Protection against induction of mouse skin papillomas with low and high risk of conversion to malignancy by green tea polyphenols (1997) Carcinogenesis, 18, pp. 497-502. , 10.1093/carcin/18.3.497, 9067548Indart, A., Viana, M., Grootveld, M.C., Silwood, C.J., Sanchez-Vera, I., Bonet, B., Teratogenic actions of thermally-stressed culinary oils in rats (2002) Free Radic Res Commun Commun, 36, pp. 1051-1058Al-Shabanah, O.A., Inhibition of adriamycin-induced micronuclei by desferrioxamine in Swiss albino mice (1993) Mutat Res, 301, pp. 107-111. , 10.1016/0165-7992(93)90032-Q, 7678167Bean, C.L., Armstrong, M.J., Galloway, S.M., Effect of sampling time on chromosome aberration yield for 7 chemicals in Chinese hamster ovary cells (1992) Mutat Res, 265, pp. 31-44. , 10.1016/0027-5107(92)90037-3, 1370241Delvaeye, M., Verovski, V., De Neve, W., Storme, G., DNA breakage, cytotoxicity, drug accumulation and retention in two human ovarian tumor cell lines AZ224 and AZ364 treated with adriamycin, modulated by verapamil (1993) Anticancer Res, 13, pp. 1533-1538Dhawan, A., Kayani, M.A., Parry, J.M., Parry, E., Anderson, D., Aneugenic and clastogenic effects of doxorubicin in human lymphocytes (2003) Mutagenesis, 18, pp. 487-490. , 10.1093/mutage/geg024, 14614182Jagetia, G.C., Nayak, V., Effect of doxorubicin on cell survival and micronuclei formation in HeLa cells exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation (2000) Strahlenther Onkol, 176, pp. 422-428. , 10.1007/PL00002351, 11050916Vidhya, N., Devraj, S.N., Antioxidant effect of eugenol in rat intestine (1999) Ind J Exp Biol, 37, pp. 1192-119

Differential gene expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinomas associated or not with viral infection

Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus infections are the most important factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but tumor prognosis remains poor due to the lack of diagnostic biomarkers. In order to identify novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets, the gene expression profile associated with viral and non-viral HCC was assessed in 9 tumor samples by oligo-microarrays. The differentially expressed genes were examined using a z-score and KEGG pathway for the search of ontological biological processes. We selected a non-redundant set of 15 genes with the lowest P value for clustering samples into three groups using the non-supervised algorithm k-means. Fisher’s linear discriminant analysis was then applied in an exhaustive search of trios of genes that could be used to build classifiers for class distinction. Different transcriptional levels of genes were identified in HCC of different etiologies and from different HCC samples. When comparing HBV-HCC vs HCV-HCC, HBV-HCC/HCV-HCC vs non-viral (NV)-HCC, HBC-HCC vs NV-HCC, and HCV-HCC vs NV-HCC of the 58 non-redundant differentially expressed genes, only 6 genes (IKBKβ, CREBBP, WNT10B, PRDX6, ITGAV, and IFNAR1) were found to be associated with hepatic carcinogenesis. By combining trios, classifiers could be generated, which correctly classified 100% of the samples. This expression profiling may provide a useful tool for research into the pathophysiology of HCC. A detailed understanding of how these distinct genes are involved in molecular pathways is of fundamental importance to the development of effective HCC chemoprevention and treatment