朝鮮語했다形，해 있다形（하고 있다形）と日本語シタ形，シテイル形

国立国語研究所本稿は，朝鮮語と日本語のテンス・アスペクトに関わる諸形態のうち，特に朝鮮語の했다haissda形，해　있다hai \u27issda形・하고 있다hago\u27issda形と日本語のシタ形，シテイル形について論じたものである。上記の諸形態の用法を調べてみると，多くの場合，朝鮮語の했다haissda形に対して日本語のシタ形，해　있다hai\u27issda形・하고 있다hago\u27issda形に対してシテイル形が対応する。ところが，現在の状態に対する発話においては，했다haissda形とシテイル形が対応する場合がある。本稿では，このような日朝両語間の対応関係のずれがどのような要因によるのかを明らかにした。考察の結果，①朝鮮語では，変化の成立と変化結果の持続性，つまり変化の完了が話者にとって重要な情報であるとき했다haissda形が使われ，変化の完了が重要な情報でないときには，해　있다hai\u27issda形 が使われること，②ただし，했다haissda形の文の中にも変化の成立そのものが重要な場合と，変化の結果状態の持続が重要な場合があること，③一方日本語では，話者が直接獲得した情報に過去と現在で差がある場合にはシタ形，過去の情報を持たないか無視する場合にはシテイル形が使われることがわかった。This paper deals with some differences in the tense and aspectual systems of Korean and Japanese. The past (or perfect) form HAISSDA and the resultative form HAI\u27ISSDA / HAGO\u27ISSDA in Korean are usually used in the same way as SI-TA and SI-TEIRU in Japanese, respectively, but HAISSDA can be used to describe a static situation in the present time which cannot be described with SI-TA. In Korean, the resultative form HAI\u27ISSDA is used when the speaker describes the situation in question as a static one. The past (or perfect) form HAISSDA is used when the speaker emphasizes his / her empathy with the dynamic process of the change or the maintenance process of the state. In Japanese, on the other hand, the past (or perfect) form SI-TA can be used only if the speaker knows the previous state of the referent in question before change and realizes the differences between the past and the present states. If the speaker does not know the previous condition, the resultative form SI-TEIRU must be used.17の書名 : 国立国語研究所研究報告

過去形の使用に関わる語用論的要因 : 日本語と朝鮮語の場合

国立国語研究所東京大学The National Language Research InstituteThe University of Tokyo本稿では,日本語と朝鮮語の過去形「-タ」「-ess-」に見られるある種の用法のずれが「どの段階で当該の状況を発話時以前(過去)の状況として扱えるか」という語用論的な制約の違いに由来することを論ずる。具体的には次の二つのことを示す。1)日本語では,発話時において直接知覚されている状況が知覚された(あるいは開始された)瞬間だけをきりはなして独立の過去の状況として扱うことができる。2)朝鮮語では,当該の状況が直接知覚されている間は過去の状況として扱うことはできず,日本語のような「状況の最初の瞬間のきりはなし」はできない。The forms of past tense in Japanese and Korean, -ta and -ess-, can be used similarly in most contexts. However, in a certain context the Korean speaker does not use -ess- while the Japanese speaker uses -ta. This results from the difference in a pragmatic constraint which is relevant to the use of the past forms. In Japanese, the speaker can focus on the first moment of a situation which s/he recognizes at the speech time and describe it as an independent past situation. Thus, the speaker can use -ta as soon as the situation has started or has been recognized even though s/he recognizes it at the speech time. On the other hand, this focusing on the first moment of the situation is prohibited in Korean, thus the speaker cannot use -ess- if s/he recognizes the situation at the speech time. In Korean, there are two exceptional cases in which the speaker can use -ess- in spite of the existence of the situation at the speech time: (1) a truth which could have been recognized before the speech time has been recognized at the speech time; (2) the speaker pays attention only to the realization of the action and pays no attention to its progress

Real-time chirality transfer monitoring from statistically random to discrete homochiral nanotubes

Real time monitoring of chirality transfer processes is necessary to better understand their kinetic properties. Herein, we monitor an ideal chirality transfer process from a statistically random distribution to a diastereomerically pure assembly in real time. The chirality transfer is based on discrete trimeric tubular assemblies of planar chiral pillar[5]arenes, achieving the construction of diastereomerically pure trimers of pillar[5]arenes through synergistic effect of ion pairing between a racemic rim-differentiated pillar[5]arene pentaacid bearing five benzoic acids on one rim and five alkyl chains on the other, and an optically resolved pillar[5]arene decaamine bearing ten amines. When the decaamine is mixed with the pentaacid, the decaamine is sandwiched by two pentaacids through ten ion pairs, initially producing a statistically random mixture of a homochiral trimer and two heterochiral trimers. The heterochiral trimers gradually dissociate and reassemble into the homochiral trimers after unit flipping of the pentaacid, leading to chirality transfer from the decaamine and producing diastereomerically pure trimers