マウス カイバ シジョウカイ ニ オケル タン ジカン ノ ジッケン テキ ネッセイ ケイレン ニ ヨル コウフン セイ シナプス デンタツ エ ノ チョウキ テキ エイキョウ

単純型熱性けいれんは良性疾患として認識されているが,その一部では長期間にわたる影響を海馬に及ぼすことが報告されている.そこで,軽度の熱性けいれんによる長期的な影響を明らかにするために,新生マウスに短時間の実験的熱性けいれんを誘発した.その後,Timm 染色により,苔状線維の異常な分岐を評価し,パッチクランプ・ホールセル法により,歯状回顆粒細胞の興奮性伝達を解析した.その結果,苔状線維の異常発芽は観察されなかったが,歯状回顆粒細胞でのグルタミン酸作動性の興奮性シナプス伝達がシナプス前性に亢進していた.この変化はsyntaxin 1A の発現低下も伴っていた.さらに海馬培養ニューロンにおいて,アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドによるsyntaxin 1A のノックダウンが,グルタミン酸の開口放出を増加させることを観察した.以上の結果から,軽度の実験的熱性けいれんが長期にわたり,syntaxin1A の発現変化と関連して海馬歯状回の興奮性シナプス伝達を亢進させることが示唆された.Simple febrile seizures (FS) are generally believed to constitute a benign disease. However, previous studies report that simple FS show subtle, but long-lasting, effects in the hippocampus. We subjected neonatal mice to brief experimental FS. Using Timm staining and tight-seal wholerecordings, we examined whether such mild FS exerts long-lasting influences on mossy fiber sprouting and excitatory synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal slices. Although brief experimental FS did not induce apparent mossy fiber sprouting in the hippocampal DG, it lead to presynaptic enhancement of glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission in the DG. This was accompanied by down-regulation of syntaxin 1A, a member of the presynaptic SNARE proteins, in the DG. Furthermore, we observed in cultured hippocampal neurons that antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-induced knock-down of syntaxin 1A increased the probability of synaptic release of glutamate. These findings suggest that simple FS during the neonatal period may exert a trace of an augmentative effect on excitatory synaptic transmission in the DG in adulthood

A Study of Influencing Factors on Hospital Nurses\u27 Notification of Child Abuse

In recent years, the number of reported cases of child abuse has increased. The purpose of　this study is to clarify the actual situation of child abuse encounters among hospital nurses　and the factors that influence nursesʼ reporting behavior when they encounter child abuse. Questionnaire survey was administered to nurses at 4 hospitals (municipal, public, university, and private) who agreed to cooperate with the survey in City A.Responses were received from 145 (55.3% response rate). hospital Nurses were encountering abused children who were physically abused or neglected. The detailed items that showed significant associations as influencing factors were individual attributes were a long history of nursing. Nursesʼ recognition of child abuse were items of neglect and psychological abuse. Within hospital support was those who responded according to the manual. Nurses need to understand that they may continue to encounter cases of physical abuse and neglect. In case of neglect, to notice minute changes through observation and analysis based on years of experience. And if nurses can follow the activities in the manual, it may lead to notification actions. On the other hand, Nurses are well understand child abuse, but behavior that tends to be socially acceptable is difficult to view as abuse. In the future, it will be important to raise recognition of child abuse and to create a manual that makes use of experience to prevent erroneous judgments and actions, and to inform people to act according to the manual.This study found that hospital nurses in City A had encountered children who had been physically abused or neglected. Three factors were identified as influencing nursesʼ child abuse reporting behavior in neglect cases, personal attributes, hospital support, and nursesʼrecognition of child abuse

The current shortage and future surplus of doctors: a projection of the future growth of the Japanese medical workforce

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Starting in the late 1980s, the Japanese government decreased the number of students accepted into medical school each year in order to reduce healthcare spending. The result of this policy is a serious shortage of doctors in Japan today, which has become a social problem in recent years. In an attempt to solve this problem, the Japanese government decided in 2007 to increase the medical student quota from 7625 to 8848. Furthermore, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), Japan's ruling party after the 2009 election, promised in their manifesto to increase the medical student quota to 1.5 times what it was in 2007, in order to raise the number of medical doctors to more than 3.0 per 1000 persons. It should be noted, however, that this rapid increase in the medical student quota may bring about a serious doctor surplus in the future, especially because the population of Japan is decreasing.</p> <p>The purpose of this research is to project the future growth of the Japanese medical doctor workforce from 2008 to 2050 and to forecast whether the proposed additional increase in the student quota will cause a doctor surplus.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Simulation modeling of the Japanese medical workforce.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Even if the additional increase in the medical student quota promised by the DPJ fails, the number of practitioners is projected to increase from 286 699 (2.25 per 1000 persons) in 2008 to 365 533 (over the national numerical goal of 3.0 per 1000) in 2024. The number of practitioners per 1000 persons is projected to further increase to 3.10 in 2025, to 3.71 in 2035, and to 4.69 in 2050. If the additional increase in the medical student quota promised by the DPJ is realized, the total workforce is projected to rise to 392 331 (3.29 per 1000 persons) in 2025, 464 296 (4.20 per 1,000 persons) in 2035, and 545 230 (5.73 per 1000 persons) in 2050.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The plan to increase the medical student quota will bring about a serious doctor surplus in the long run.</p

Estimation of physician supply by specialty and the distribution impact of increasing female physicians in Japan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Japan has experienced two large changes which affect the supply and distribution of physicians. They are increases in medical school enrollment capacity and in the proportion of female physicians. The purpose of this study is to estimate the future supply of physicians by specialty and to predict the associated impact of increased female physicians, as well as to discuss the possible policy implications.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Based on data from the 2004 and 2006 National Survey of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists, we estimated the future supply of physicians by specialty, using multistate life tables. Based on possible scenarios of the future increase in female physicians, we also estimated the supply of physicians by specialty.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Even if Japan's current medical school enrollment capacity is maintained in subsequent years, the number of physicians per 1000 population is expected to increase from 2.2 in 2006 to 3.2 in 2036, which is a 46% increase from the current level. The numbers of obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYNs) and surgeons are expected to temporarily decline from their current level, whereas the number of OB/GYNs per 1000 births will still increase because of the declining number of births. The number of surgeons per 1000 population, even with the decreasing population, will decline temporarily over the next few years. If the percentage of female physicians continues to increase, the overall number of physicians will not be significantly affected, but in specialties with current very low female physician participation rates, such as surgery, the total number of physicians is expected to decline significantly.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>At the current medical school enrollment capacity, the number of physicians per population is expected to continue to increase because of the skewed age distribution of physicians and the declining population in Japan. However, with changes in young physicians' choices of medical specialties and as the percentage of female physicians increases, patterns of physician supply will vary between specialties. Specialties less often chosen by young physicians and where males have dominated will face a decline in physician supply. These results highlight the necessity for developing a work environment that attracts female physicians to these types of specialties. This will also lead to improved gender equality in the workforce and more effective use of human resources.</p

Urban and rural Differences in the Prevalence of Gender and Age specific Obesity and related Health Behaviors in Korea

The objective of this study was to discuss the residential difference in gender and age specific prevalence of obesity by body mass index (BMI) and obesity related health behaviors in the Republic of Korea. A total of nationally representative 2,583 men and 3,087 women (age: 20-64 yr) was used as subjects from 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. All statistics were calculated using SUDAAN to consider a stratified multistage probability sampling design. The prevalence of obesity (BMI≥25) was significantly different by age, gender and residential areas. Although younger men aged 20-49 yr did not show a residential difference in the prevalence of obesity, men aged 50-64 yr showed differences, highest in big cities and lowest in rural areas. However, in women, a higher prevalence was observed in rural areas compared to urban areas in the younger age group (20-49 yr), but not in the older age group. Residential differences of obesity related health behaviors existed mostly in the older population, but not in the younger population. The urban-rural differences demonstrate the various stages of behavioral transition that Korea is currently undergoing. Therefore, different strategies considering those factors are needed to manage obesity problems in Korea

イロ コウセイ ニ オケル シテイ ト ジッサイ

Graphic design is founded on the basis of their close relationship to printing media. However, it should be said that graphic designers are tend to be a rather few communications to the printing engineers. Considering of those not so good situations, today, Color Proofreading could be solly and the only crosssection between them, and it has the importance in meaning. On this subject, resarch had been made on the Color Measurement in Color Proofreading and the consideration has been made over how and why the real nature of Color Proofreading are asked for in solving this problem