Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Risk in HIV

HIV infection and its treatment have been associated with adipose tissue changes and disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. The proportion of HIV-infected adults over the age of 50 is also growing placing HIV-infected adults at particular risk for metabolic perturbations and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected adults has been increasingly studied but whether HIV is associated with greater risk remains unclear, likely because of the interplay of host, viral and antiretroviral factors that are associated with the components of the metabolic syndrome. While the Framingham Risk Score is a well-accepted measure of 10-year cardiovascular risk in the general population, it may not accurately predict risk in the HIV setting due to HIV-related factors such as inflammation that are not accounted for. The relationship between HIV and diabetes mellitus (DM) risk has also been debated. We summarize the recent literature on metabolic syndrome, DM, and cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected adults

Characterization of soft amyloid cores in human prion-like proteins

Prion-like behaviour is attracting much attention due to the growing evidences that amyloid-like self-assembly may reach beyond neurodegeneration and be a conserved functional mechanism. The best characterized functional prions correspond to a subset of yeast proteins involved in translation or transcription. Their conformational promiscuity is encoded in Prion Forming Domains (PFDs), usually long and intrinsically disordered protein segments of low complexity. The compositional bias of these regions seems to be important for the transition between soluble and amyloid-like states. We have proposed that the presence of cryptic soft amyloid cores embedded in yeast PFDs can also be important for their assembly and demonstrated their existence and self-propagating abilities. Here, we used an orthogonal approach in the search of human domains that share yeast PFDs compositional bias and exhibit a predicted nucleating core, identifying 535 prion-like candidates. We selected seven proteins involved in transcriptional or translational regulation and associated to disease to characterize the properties of their amyloid cores. All of them self-assemble spontaneously into amyloid-like structures able to propagate their polymeric state. This provides support for the presence of short sequences able to trigger conformational conversion in prion-like human proteins, potentially regulating their functionality.This work was funded supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [BIO2016-783-78310-R to S.V] and by ICREA [ICREA-Academia 2015 to S.V.