The frequency of various indications for plain chest radiography in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi (Nauth)

Background: With soaring advances in the field of medicine, the place of older radiologic imaging modalities is being reduced to basic screening tools. Yet the modern imaging modalities like computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound and nuclear medicine are hardly available.Study Objectives: To study the frequency of various indications of plain chest radiography, remind us of its uses and to enhance the preparedness of the department to maximally accomplish the ideals of this investigation.Methodology: A total of 1476 consecutive patients for chest radiography in the department of radiology, NAUTH, Nnewi from the period of February 2009 and whose request form contain adequate data were recruited for this study. These data were analyzed using SSPS.Results: A total of 1476 patient were included in this study. There was female preponderance with male to female ratio of 1.3:1. Mean Age of the patients is 39.32 years (std19.56). The most frequent indication for chest radiography is certain infections and parasitic diseases (40.9% and the greatest source of referral for this study is General outpatient (GOPD)/family medicine department.Conclusion: The most frequent indications for chest radiography in the study are certain infection and parasitic diseases. Chest Radiography is the most frequent plain radiography study in our environment where infectious diseases are still very rampant. This makes chest radiography an important study for screening patient for possible diagnosis and classifying the need for further radiographic investigation of our patients.Keywords: Frequency, indications, infections, plain chest radiograph, screeningNigerian Journal of Clinical Practice • Oct-Dec 2013 • Vol 16 • Issue

Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in South‑Eastern Nigeria; a 15 Years Histopathologic Review (2000‑2014)

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic has brought about a resurgence in tuberculosis (TB), especially in developing countries. Previous studies on TB lymphadenitis (TBLN) in South‑Eastern Nigeria were done before the advent of the HIV pandemic making a review pertinent.Aim: To evaluate the role of TBLN as a cause of superficial lymphadenopathy in the post‑HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) era of South‑Eastern Nigeria.Materials and Methods: This is a 15 years (2000–2014) retrospective review of all superficial lymph node biopsies (SLNBs) received at the Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku‑Ozalla Enugu, Nigeria.Results: One hundred and seventy‑two cases of TBLN were identified in this study constituting 14.6% (172/1,180) of SLNBs received at our Hospital’s Morbid Anatomy Department during the 15 years period under review. Twenty‑eight cases of TBLN were clinically screened for HIV, 23 of which tested positive, representing 82.1% (23/28) of clinically screened cases. Acid fast bacilli demonstration was positive in 15.1% (26/172) of cases using Ziehl‑Neelsen stain. 48.8% (84/172) of TBLN cases were males, and 51.2% (88/172) were females with most (22) cases received in 2012 and least (5) cases in 2000. Most TBLN occurred in the 21–25 years age group with a total of 21.5% (37/172) of cases and a male to female ratio of 1:1.5 The most common biopsy site for TBLN was the cervical group followed by the axillary and inguinal groups with 73.8% (127/172), 14% (24/172), and 4.7% (8/172) of cases, respectively.Conclusions: There is a remarkable decline in the prevalence of TB lymphadenitis in South‑Eastern Nigeria indicating a change in trend from the pre‑ to the post‑HIV/AIDS era with slightly more females now presenting with TBLN and most TB lymphadenitis patients now presenting with associated HIV/AIDS disease. There is an urgent need to provide modern diagnostic facilities in our medical laboratories.Keywords: Histology, Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Lymphadenitis, Tuberculosis, Ziehl‑Neelse

Heterogeneous cyber-physical network coexistence through interference contribution rate and uplink power control algorithm (ICR-UPCA) in 6G edge cells

Optimizing power control for interference mitigation at the network cell edge is pivotal in enhancing capacity within a heterogeneous cyber-physical infrastructure, such as smart cities, manufacturing, healthcare, energy grids, transportation, and agriculture, among others. In this paper, we consider the intricate dynamics of Internet of Things (IoT) 5/6G edge users, with a particular focus on the Interference Contribution Rate (ICR), where macro and femtocells are critical network infrastructures. Existing approaches has drawbacks such as computational complexity, overhead, and co-channel interference, among others. However, to fully address interference challenges from the coexistence of diverse network hierarchies, preserving the Quality of Service for femtocell users is prioritized. The paper concurrently enhances the handoff mechanism of cell edge users in the macro cell network. A two-tier heterogeneous network (HetNet) is utilized to initially assess the contribution of edge user equipment (UE) to interference levels during its active state while quantifying it as ICR. Game theory is used to formulate a cohesive model for the coexistence of macro cell (MUE) and femtocell users (FUE). ICR-based uplink power control and reference signal received quality (RSRQ)-based handoff algorithms are deployed to regulate interference levels and enhance the Signal-to-Interference-Noise Ratio (SINR) of the MUE at the cell edge. This is achieved through coordinated transmit power adjustments by both user types. Results indicate a 6.67 % channel capacity loss (interference tolerance) by the FUE, leading to a 12.5 % improvement, translating to approximately 4 Mbps and 1 Mbps channel enhancements, respectively. The MUE and FUE can effectively coordinate power control with minimal overhead, accepting compromises in network channel quality. This approach facilitates improved MUE data access rates while ensuring the preservation of FUE. We show that interference is successfully mitigated through power control in heterogeneous networks with lower computational complexity

The International Law of Secession and the Protection of the Human Rights of Oppressed Sub-State Groups: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

This paper focuses on significant patterns/features in the historical development of the international law of secession and its contribution over time (or the lack thereof) to the struggle to afford greater protection to oppressed sub-state groups the world over. It was Crawford Young who once observed that “the state as an analytical quarry is an elusive and complex prey.” With the necessary modifications, this observation applies with almost equal force to the international law of secession. Complexity and confusion loom too large in this area of international law. For example, there is, at best, little clarity in the literature of the discipline of international law and in related fields of study regarding the existence or otherwise of an international legal entitlement to secession in favor of even the most highly oppressed and subjugated sub-state groups

Synchronous Retrograde and Micturating Cysto Urethrography A Modification

Background: Retrograde Urethrography (RUG) combined with Micturating cystourethrography (MCUG) is imaging method of choice for studying the urethra and its 1-9 abnormalities . Though there are many modern imaging modalities that are also useful but these are not available in most developing countries. Even the standard method of doing the conventional Urethrography using penile clamp cannot be done in our centre because this is not also available. This led us to this study to help us maximize results by improvising on the available technique. Objective: To demonstrate a local modification of method for synchronous/ combined RUG and MCUG. Method: This is a method in which Foley’s catheter, amputated needle cap, and syringe are used to inject contrast into the lower urinary tract to help define the calibre and outline of these structures during the combined RUG and MCUG. Result: This combined technique demonstrates clearly, the anatomy of the lower urinary tract - urethra and bladder. It shows the length of stricture, where this exists. Conclusion: This method of synchronous RUG and MCUG is cheap, available and readily transferable and helps to demonstrate various pathologies of the lower urinary tract. This is recommended in places where materials for other methods of urethrography are deficient. Key words: Retrograde urethrography, micturating cysto urethrography, modificatio

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: A case report

Background: The frequency of infantile hypertrophic stenosis is not known in Nigeria. The first case coming to our attention is described. Method: Descriptive case report. Results and conclusion: The infant was otherwise well with low birth weight.. A suggestive abdominal ultrasound was confirmed by barium contrast study and at surgery. Ultrasound examination in utero is advocated for early detection. Tropical Journal of Medical Research 2004;8(2): 60-6

Predictors of knowledge, attitudes and ever practice family planning among public secondary school teachers in Enugu east senatorial district, Nigeria

Background: Family planning deficiencies are responsible for high maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Nigeria, and more than half of all death among adult female is linked to maternal death. Aim: To ascertain the predictors of good knowledge, positive attitudes, and ever practice family planning among public secondary school teachers in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional research was carried out among public secondary school teachers aged between 18 and 60 years in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria, using probability proportional to size sampling and systematic random sampling from a selection of 1,000 participants. Factors considered included sources of information on family planning, partner involvement, history of family planning methods, and healthcare facilities. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to establish the relationship. An odds ratio of 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to ascertain the level of significance. Result: A majority (65.9%) of respondents had a good knowledge of family planning, more than half had positive attitudes (52.7%), and most of them had ever practice family planning (55.0%). Television (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.54-3.06) and social media (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.29-2.78) were effective sources of information to establish significant predictors of good knowledge on family planning. Healthcare (AOR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.51-0.92) and partner discussion (AOR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.94–5.27) were also significant determinants of positive attitudes towards family planning. Cost of obtaining family planning methods (AOR = 0.003; 95% CI 0.001-0.013) and proximity of family planning facilities (AOR = 0.04; 95% CI 0.02-0.10) were notable predictors of ever practice family planning. Conclusion: The level of knowledge, attitudes, and ever practiced family planning among teachers are moderate and a significant number of predictors were identified. Effective awareness is recommended and making use of television as a channel to increase levels of knowledge will hopefully encourage utilization of family planning among teachers

Bilateral benign phyllodes tumour in a nulliparous woman: A case report and review of literature

Cystosarcoma Phyllodes is an uncommon disease of the breast with variable clinical behaviour. Its incidence is reported as 1% of all breast tumours. The occurrence of bilateral disease is very rare. In this communication, we present a case of metachronous bilateral benign cystosarcoma phyllodes presenting in a 24year old nulliparous lady. She had right breast mastectomy after two recurrences following local excision. The left breast lesion developed one year after the treatment of the right lesion, again she had to be treated with mastectomy after 2 recurrences. This case unlike most reported cases of bilateral Phyllodes tumour occurred in a nulliparous lady. The problems of diagnosis, clinical behaviour and management are discussed. Keywords: Breast sarcoma; Cystosarcoma phyllodes; Bilateral; Benign Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Vol. 10 (1) 2007: pp.66-6

Dilated Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy and Incidental Lymphoma Occuring in a 56 Year Old Man who was being Managed for Hypertensive Heart Disease in Enugu Nigeria- A Rare Finding

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