A study of localisation in dual-phase high-strength steels under dynamic loading using digital image correlation and FE analysis

Tensile tests were conducted on dual-phase high-strength steel in a Split-Hopkinson Tension Bar at a strain-rate in the range of 150-600/s and in a servo-hydraulic testing machine at a strain-rate between 10-3 and 100/s. A novel specimen design was utilized for the Hopkinson bar tests of this sheet material. Digital image correlation was used together with high-speed photography to study strain localisation in the tensile specimens at high rates of strain. By using digital image correlation, it is possible to obtain in-plane displacement and strain fields during non-uniform deformation of the gauge section, and accordingly the strains associated with diffuse and localised necking may be determined. The full-field measurements in high strain-rate tests reveal that strain localisation started even before the maximum load was attained in the specimen. An elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model is used to predict the observed stress-strain behaviour and strain localisation for the dual-phase steel. Numerical simulations of dynamic tensile tests were performed using the non-linear explicit FE code LS-DYNA. Simulations were done with shell (plane stress) and brick elements. Good correlation between experiments and numerical predictions was achieved, in terms of engineering stress-strain behaviour, deformed geometry and strain fields. However, mesh density plays a role in the localisation of deformation in numerical simulations, particularly for the shell element analysis

Qualitative aspects of ductile fracture by strain localization

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Impact behaviour of the high-strength aluminium alloy AA7075-T651

In this study, the mechanical properties of 20 mm thick rolled plates of AA7075-T651 are determined based on a number of material tests. The obtained data are used to calibrate a modified version of the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation and the Cockcroft-Latham fracture criterion. Component tests using 20 mm diameter, 197 g mass projectiles with various nose shapes are carried out in a compressed gas-gun to reveal the alloy's resistance to ballistic impact. The results are compared to preliminary FE simulations using LS-DYNA and the calibrated material model. Even though the simulations are not able to describe the quasi-brittle failure process of the aluminium plates in full detail, reasonable agreement between experimental and predicted results is obtained

Modeling of plugging failure in structural impact

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Simulations of a top-hat section subjected to axial crushing taking into account material and geometry variations

AbstractSimulations of top-hat thin-walled sections of dual-phase steel DP800 subjected to axial crushing have been performed taking into account process history and measured geometric imperfections, thickness variations and material variations. The simulations were based on experiments performed by Fyllingen et al. [Fyllingen, Ø., Hopperstad, O.S., Langseth, M., 2008. Robustness study on the behaviour of top-hat thin-walled high-strength steel sections subjected to axial crushing. International Journal of Impact Engineering, in press, doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.03.005], who investigated the robustness of a top-hat section subjected to axial crushing. The geometry variation and spatial strain hardening variation were mapped onto the model. The fracture parameter and strain-rate sensitivity were based on values obtained from one of the batches. It was emphasised to use an element type, element size, a fracture criterion and a spot-weld model typically used by the industry. Compared to nominal models especially the thickness variations, geometric imperfections and material failure criterion influenced the behaviour. The material batch variation resulted in large differences in the batch means of the mean crushing forces and the variation in the geometric imperfections and thickness resulted in variation in the mean crushing force within each batch. Compared to the experiments the model generally under-predicted the mean crushing force

Modeling and simulation of ductile fracture in metals using strain localization theory

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On the fracture locus of AA7075-T651

The overall goal of this work-in-progress is to try to establish the fracture locus (i.e. the equivalent strain to fracture as a function of the stress triaxiality factor) for the high-strength AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy. Experiments on several specimen geometries enabled us to reach stress triaxialities in the range from σ* = 0 for shear tests to σ* = 1.4 for notched specimen tensile tests. For shear tests, failure occurred by strong strain localization. However, local stresses and strains can not be deduced directly from these tests. Consequently, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to extract the local strain fields to failure. In parallel, numerical simulations of the tests were run using the non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA to extract the evolution of the local stress triaxiality during straining. Based on a combination of both experimental and numerical data, the failure locus of the material can be constructed

Dynamic versus quasi-static loading of X65 offshore steel pipes

Anchors or trawl gear occasionally impact offshore pipelines, resulting in large local and global deformations. Impact velocities are typically less than 5 m/s, but local strain rates may be very high. In this study strain rate effects in an X65 offshore material was characterised by split Hopkinson bar tests, while the cross-section homogeneity and possible anisotropic behaviour were determined by quasi-static material tests. Further, dynamic impact tests at prescribed velocities were carried out on simply supported full scale X65 steel pipes. Next, deformation-controlled quasi-static tests with the same boundary conditions were conducted. The level of deformation in the quasi-static tests was set to be equal to that attained in the dynamic tests. Finally, an assessment of the differences between the dynamically and quasi-statically loaded pipes was made in terms of force-displacement response, energy absorbed, and fracture. An optical light microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to investigate fracture surfaces arising from the various tests

Impact resistance of AA6005 panels

The interest regarding use of extruded aluminium panels as lightweight protective structures is cmrently increasing. Even so, there are few experimental and computational investigations considering such structures. This paper presents some perforation tests on AA6005-T6 aluminium panels impacted by ogival-nose steel projectiles, where special emphasis was paid to the determination of the ballistic limit. Moreover, a material test programme including high strain rate tests using a split-Hopkinson tension bar was carried out in order to calibrate the Johnson-Cook constitutive model. Results from numerical analyses with LS-DYNA are finally included