Quantitative and qualitative analysis of sunflower pollen (<i>Helianthus</i> L.) and it’s use in breeding work

Background. In breeding work, it is necessary to take into account such an important feature as male sterility of the hybrids obtained. If a plant has visually visible anthers and pollen, the quality of the pollen grains themselves may be low. It is necessary to carry out not only a visual analysis, but also a cytological study of pollen in order to properly assess the reproductive potential of plants.Materials and methods. Wild species, some cultivars, lines and hybrids of sunflower from the collection of the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources were taken as objects of research. The plants were grown on the fields of Kuban Experiment Station. Pollen was collected from preinsulated inflorescences, fixed in FAA solution and stained with acetocarmine. The ratio of fertile pollen grains to the total number of pollen grains (in %) was calculated, the diameter of the pollen grains was measured, and variability curves were drawn.Results. Mature pollen grains in sunflower are rounded, tricolpate-poral, threecelled; the average pollen diameter in cultivated sunflower is 28–32 μm; in wild species, the range is from 20– 22 μm to 32–34 μm. All accessions were divided into three groups. Fertile: high level of fertility (75–99%) and low morphological heterogeneity of pollen; the variation curve for the average diameter was characterized by one distinct peak. Most of the studied accessions were included here: cultivars, most of the lines and some of the wild species. Semi-fertile: the number of well-stained pollen grains is below 75%; there are differences in the degree of staining and size of the pollen; the variation curve had additional peaks. This group included some of the lines, hybrids and wild species. The greatest morphological heterogeneity was observed in the group of perennial interspecific hybrids. Sterile: pollen grains were absent or were observed very sporadically.Conclusion. To assess the fertility of plants, it is important not only to determine the degree of staining in pollen grains, but also to rank them by diameter and construct variation curves to reveal morphological heterogeneity of pollen

Comparative embryological study of some Jerusalem artichoke (<i>Helianthus tuberosus</i> L.) accessions with different seed-setting ability from the VIR collection

Background. Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a valuable agricultural plant, characterized by mostly vegetative propagation and depression of sexual process. This feature notably impedes breeding improvement of both Jerusalem artichoke and its hybrids with sunflower. That is why a detailed investigation of possible reasons for the failure of seed setting is very important for this crop.   Materials and methods. Jerusalem artichoke accessions from the VIR collection: cvs. ‘Topianka’ (k-70), ‘М-24-29’ (k-90), ‘2М-22-29’ (k-119), Skatovsky (k-123), and ‘Kievsky krasny’ (k-170), grown at Maikop Experiment Station of VIR, were examined. The material for embryological analysis was fixed at the stage of anthesis, processed, and analyzed at the Embryology and Reproductive Biology Lab of the Komarov Botanical Institute.   Results. A cytomorphological analysis of pollen grains and examination of anther walls and ovules with embryo sacs showed that from 51 to 95 % of the pollen grains and from 23.1 % to 66.6 % of the embryo sacs were formed normally. Abnormalities in female reproductive structures appeared more frequently but they did not determine the poor seed setting. Among the studied accessions, both cvs. ‘Kievsky krasny’, with the greatest number of abnormalities in male and female reproductive structures, and ‘Topianka’, with the smallest number, produced almost no seeds. The greatest number of seeds (from 207 to 1164) were set in ‘2M-22-29’, with the medium amount of normal generative structures, both male (pollen fertility was 81 %) and female ones (59,4 % of viable embryo sacs). Self-incompatibility observed in cv. ‘Topianka’ could cause the pollination failure, destruction of normal embryo sacs, and seed production decrease.   Conclusion. Thus, a combination of several factors (absence of developmental abnormalities in generative structures, crosspollination, and a compatible pollinizer) is necessary for successful seed setting in Jerusalem artichoke

Развитие макропруденциального регулирования банковского кредитования физических лиц в России

The article highlights the use of macroprudential instruments by the Bank of Russia that regulate the population Lending of the Russian banking sector. The purpose of the work is to study the theoretical background and practical results of using indicators of the total cost of credit and the debt load of the population to ensure stability of the banking sector. The authors used methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific publications, regulatory sources, retrospective statistics. The study showed that initially, the regulator introduces new macroprudential instruments as recommended, and subsequently transfers them to mandatory. The regulatory mechanism is based on the ratio dependence of the bank capital adequacy on the actual values of the total loan cost and debt load of the borrower - individual. The mortgage debt to collateral value ratio supports the housing mortgage lending regulation process. The authors concluded that the banking sector’s reaction to the introduction of the total credit cost indicator is more prominent than the introduction of the debt burden indicator. When the Bank of Russia obliged to take into account the full cost of the loan when measuring capital adequacy, banks were not able to increase capital; they reduced high-risk lending. The practice of macroprudential regulation of credit risks in the banking sector is complemented by the introduction of credit holidays for borrowers - individuals, who are struggling because of the pandemic. The obtained theoretical and practical results can be used in the development of the financial stability regulation practice in Russia, at the micro-level - when designing and changing credit policy.Статья посвящена применению Банком России макропруденциальных инструментов, регулирующих кредитные операции российского банковского сектора с населением. Цель работы - исследовать теоретические предпосылки и практические результаты использования показателей полной стоимости кредита и долговой нагрузки населения для обеспечения стабильности банковского сектора. Использованы методы качественного и количественного анализа научных публикаций, нормативно-правовых источников, ретроспективных статистических данных. Исследование показало, что новые макропруденциальные инструменты регулятор первоначально вводит как рекомендуемые, а в дальнейшем переводит в обязательные. Механизм регулирования основан на зависимости показателей достаточности банковского капитала от фактических значений показателей полной стоимости кредита и долговой нагрузки заемщика - физического лица. Регулирование ипотечного жилищного кредитования дополнено использованием показателя, характеризующего соотношение между ипотечным долгом и стоимостью обеспечения. Сделан вывод, что реакция банковского сектора на введение показателя полной стоимости кредита более выраженная, чем на введение показателя долговой нагрузки. С введением механизма определения достаточности банковского капитала в зависимости от показателя полной стоимости кредита физическому лицу в условиях ограниченных возможностей банков увеличивать собственные средства пропорционально растущей величине рисков банки сократили выдачи высокорискованных кредитов. На фоне пандемии коронавируса практику макропруденциального регулирования кредитного риска банковского сектора дополняет административное введение кредитных каникул в связи с возможным снижением доходов заемщиков - физических лиц. Полученные теоретические и практические результаты могут быть использованы при развитии практики регулирования финансовой стабильности российского банковского сектора, на микроуровне - при формировании и корректировке кредитной политики

РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ БАНКИ РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ РОСТА И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

By the spatial location of credit institutions, the banking system of Russia includes two large groups of banks: regional banks and banks registered in Moscow and the Moscow Region. The activities of banks of the two groups are characterized by certain specifics. In view of the above, the purpose of this study was to identify, systematize and critically evaluate the current trends in the development of regional banks in Russia. The methods used include analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison, system analysis, selective observation. The analysis of official data of the Russian Central Bank for 2007–2016 showed that the trends of active credit institutions to shrink in number are common to both regional and Moscow credit organizations. The profits received by regional banks are incommensurably small compared to the profits of Moscow-based banks but are subject to much less volatility. The gap between amounts of ruble loans provided by credit institutions of the two groups under analysis is dramatically widening: to non-financial organizations in 2007–2016 and to individuals since 2011. After 2012, the amount of ruble loans extended to non-financial organizations by regional banks stabilized at about 2000 RUR billion, while the corresponding indicator for credit institutions in the capital region slowed down its growth in 2015–2016. Starting with 2009, the gap between investments in debt securities made by regional banks and credit institutions of Moscow and the Moscow Region has sharply widened; such bank investments in the capital region are noted to be highly volatile. Credit institutions of the Volga and North-Western federal districts dominate in the field of debt securities investment. Regional banks are running the conventional banking business primarily by lending and placing limited funds in securities of third-party issuers. The indicators of regional banks differ significantly by federal districts.Банковская система России по признаку территориального размещения действующих кредитных организаций включает в себя две крупные группы банков: региональные банки и банки, зарегистрированные в Москве и Московской области. Деятельности банков разных групп присущи определенные особенности. В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования является выявление, систематизация и критическая оценка современных тенденций развития региональных банков в России. В работе использованы методы анализа и синтеза, индукция и дедукция, метод сравнения, системный анализ, выборочное наблюдение. В результате анализа официальных данных Центрального банка Российской Федерации за 2007–2016 гг. было установлено, что тенденции сокращения количества действующих кредитных организаций присущи и региональным, и московским кредитным организациям; прибыль, полученная региональными банками, несопоставимо мала по сравнению с прибылью московских банков, однако подвержена существенно меньшей волатильности. Резко увеличивается разрыв между объемами кредитов в рублях, предоставленных кредитными организациями двух анализируемых групп: в течение всего периода (2007–2016 гг.) — кредитов нефинансовым организациям, с 2011 г. — кредитов физическим лицам. После 2012 г. объем кредитов, предоставленных нефинансовым организациям региональными банками в рублях, стабилизировался на уровне около 2000 млрд руб., в то время как соответствующий показатель кредитных организаций столичного региона замедлил рост в 2015–2016 гг. Начиная с 2009 г. резко увеличивается разрыв между объемом вложений в долговые ценные бумаги региональных банков и кредитных организаций Москвы и Московской области; отмечается высокая волатильность указанных вложений банков столичного региона. По объему вложений в долговые ценные бумаги лидируют кредитные организации Приволжского и Северо-Западного федеральных округов. Региональные банки ведут традиционный банковский бизнес, преимущественно осуществляя кредитование и размещая ограниченные средства в ценные бумаги сторонних эмитентов. Показатели региональных банков в разрезе федеральных округов существенно различаются

From the Experience of Organizing a System of Complex Socio-Psychological Support for Students with Disabilities and Disabilities at Samara University

The article discusses the organization and implementation of psychological and pedagogical support for students with disabilities, special attention is paid to describing the require-ments for staffing inclusive education, creating special conditions in an educational organization, including physical accessibility, technical and material equipment, software and methodological support and organization educational process for students with disabilities.В статье рассматриваются вопросы организации и реализации психолого-педагогического сопровождения студентов с инвалидностью, особое внимание уделяется описанию требований к кадровому обеспечению инклюзивного образования, созданию специальных условий в образовательной организации, включающих в себя физическую доступность, техническое и материальное оснащение, программно-методическое обеспечение и организацию учебного процесса для студентов с инвалидностью

Live Birth of a Healthy Child in a Couple with Identical mtDNA Carrying a Pathogenic c.471_477delTTTAAAAinsG Variant in the MOCS2 Gene.

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency type B (MOCODB; #252160) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that has only been described in 37 affected patients. In this report, we describe the presence of an in-frame homozygous variant (c.471_477delTTTAAAAinsG) in the MOCS2 gene in an affected child, diagnosed with Ohtahara syndrome according to the clinical manifestations. The analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the protein and the amino acid substitutions suggested the pathogenicity of this mutation. To prevent transmitting this mutation to the next generation, we used preimplantation genetic testing for the monogenic disorders (PGT-M) protocol to select MOCS2 gene mutant-free embryos for transfer in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. As a result, a healthy child was born. Interestingly, both parents of the proband shared an identical mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region, assuming their close relationship and thus suggesting that both copies of the nuclear rare variant c.471_477delTTTAAAAinsG may have been transmitted from the same female ancestor. Our estimation of the a priori probability of meeting individuals with the same mtDNA haplotype confirms the assumption of a possible distant maternal relationship among the proband's direct relatives

Pathomorphism of buccal grafts used in surgery of extensive bulbar urethral strictures: immunohistochemical analysis

Introduction. The adverse effects of urine on unadapted tissues are known. This is also entirely relevant for buccal grafts used in augmentation urethroplasty, where these effects have not been thoroughly studied so far.Objective. To assess the ongoing pathomorphosis in buccal grafts used for urethral augmentation of extensive strictures in the bulbous region and to evaluate how much urine influences their histological transformation following surgery.Materials &amp; methods. The study included 15 patients with extensive strictures of the bulbous urethra, who underwent a two-stage augmentation urethroplasty with buccal grafts. The grafts pathomorphosis was studied 6 months after the first surgery stage where urethrotomy had been performed with graft augmentation of the dorsal semicircle and the formation of distal and proximal neomeatuses. Natural urination through the latter was restored on days 14 – 20 following the surgery. During the second stage, six months later, urethral tubularisation was performed with two preliminary biopsies of the proximal and distal segments of the grafts implanted in the areas of the neomeatuses formed earlier. The distal area of the graft had no contact with urine, while this contact has occurred in the proximal segment since restoration of natural urination. In biopsy specimens, pathomorphosis of the grafts was studied using immunohistochemical markers: vimentin, clone SRL33; CD34, clone QBEnd/10; MSA HHF-35; СD3, clone LN10; Bcl-2, clone bcl-2\100\D5; CK-HMW 34BE-12.Results. It was found that inflammation was minimal in areas of grafts implanted that had no contact with urine, while in areas where such contact occurred it was verified to be pronounced even 6 months after the operation. On the submucosal level, this was manifested by an uneven arrangement of collagen fibers, a dysplastically developed vascular network, uneven proliferation of the endothelium with swelling and loss of cellular connectivity, in contrast to areas where there was no contact with urine. In such areas, the graft submucosa had a dense collagen framework with organized microvasculature and uniform epithelial surface.Conclusion. The impact of urine on buccal grafts used in augmentation urethroplasty is characterised by the disorganisation of its collagen framework, with a pronounced inflammatory component and the “reactivity” of the epithelial lining to the “toxic agent” that persists even 6 months after surgery. This may underlie the risk of a stenosis relapse in the proximal anastomosis area

Comparative analysis of the legal status of testamentary foundations in Russia and foreign countries

Legal rules on a testamentary foundation are a novelty for Russian legislation. Since there were no analogues of this legal institution in Russia before, many law enforcement problems arise. Russian testamentary foundations have largely adopted the provisions on the foundations of the continental legal system. For a better understanding of the legal nature of this subject of law and solving law enforcement problems, it is necessary to analyze the legal status of testamentary foundations in the states where they have existed for a long time, and take into account the positive foreign experienc

Influence of different forest management techniques on the quality of wood

The issue of accelerated forestry plantation with high-quality wood using the best soils in terms of productivity, fertilizers, and intensive treatment has become quite relevant due to increased demand for forestry products and higher requirements for environmentally friendly use of forest resources. This paper presents the results of a study on the impact of various techniques for treating coniferous plantations, including thinning, fertilization, and herbicide processing, on wood quality key indicators. The paper examined the wood density, correlation of early and late wood zones, and the cell wall thickness for 38-year-old pine trees grown on the sample plots of Siversky leskhoz (Leningrad region, Gatchinskiy district) at different treatment and density control techniques. It has been established that the highest basis density of wood corresponds to the samples grown at the density variant of 1 t/ha and double herbicides treatment, and the lowest basis density value was recorded at the option of 4 t/ha with combined treatment. It has been shown that the increase of width index for early wood is influenced by the lower density of 1 t/ha and one-time herbicide treatment, for late wood – by the lower density of 1 t/ha and repeated treatment with herbicides. The increase in average cell wall thickness for early and late wood is observed when the density increases up to 4 t/ha and double herbicides treatment. The results obtained provide a valuable scientific contribution to general forestry knowledge and have practical value in plantation forestry. © 2021, Tech Science Press. All rights reserved

Эффективность и безопасность терапии атровентом и беродуалом у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких в сочетании с ишемической болезнью сердца

The aim of the study was to evaluate an efficacy and a safety of long-term therapy with Atrovent and Berodual in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) considering a quality of life and pharmaeconomic aspects. The study is been lasting now, so that this report involves preliminary results.Forty patients aged 43 to 79 years (in average 60.9±8.7 years) have been examined till now. The I stage of COPD was diagnosed in 11 (28%) of the patients, the IIA stage was in 19 (48%), the IIB stage was in 10 (24%) of the patients. The IHD in the form of angina pectoris the 1st functional class (FC) was found in 9 (28%) of the patients, the 2nd FC was in 20 (63%), the cardiosclerosis was diagnosed in 23 (72%), the heart rhythm disorders were in 4 (13%), the conduction impairment was in 14 (44%) and the heart failure of the 1st FC was in 13 (41%) of the patients. All the patients received bronchodilating therapy with Berodual or Atrovent according to the severity of COPD. The drug was chosen based on the FEN^ growth by 5-12% after the acute inhaled test. The study was performed against the background of the antianginal therapy selected before. W e assessed physical data, lung function parameters, performed the cardiopulmopnary test using bicycle test technique, blood gases analysis, daily electrocardiography, arterial blood pressure and heart beat rate monitoring. The quality of life was evaluated with a Russian version of the SGRQ questionnaire; pharmacoeconomic analysis was performed regarding costs of the full treatment course, the anti-anginal médication, the patients’ status monitoring, the fee of the personnel’s work and the patients’ admission to a hospital.The preliminary results showed the safety of the long-term application of the bronchodilating drugs in the therapy of patients with combined lung and heart pathology. The analysis demonstrated the necessity and the reasonability of such the treatment programmes. A certain increase in the examination cost is defended by rarer hospitalizations and disabilities.Целью исследования явилась оценка эффективности и безопасности длительной терапии атровентом и беродуалом больных с сочетанием хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) и ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС) с учетом влияния на качество жизни и фармакоэкономических аспектов. Исследование продолжается до настоящего времени, поэтому в данной публикации приведены предварительные результаты.К настоящему моменту обследовано 40 человек в возрасте от 43 до 79 лет (средний возраст 60,9±8,7 года), из них 27 (68%) мужчин. ХОБЛ I степени диагностирована у 11 (28%) человек, ПА — у 19 (48% ), ИВ — у 10 (24%). ИБС, проявлявшаяся стенокардией I функционального класса (Ф К ), диагностирована у 9 (28%) больных, II Ф К — у 20 (63%), атеросклеротическим кардиосклерозом — у 23 (72%), нарушениями ритма — у 4 (13%), проводимости — у 14 (44%), сердечной недостаточностью I Ф К — у 13 (41%) больных. Всем больным назначали бронхолитическую терапию беродуалом или атровентом в зависимости от степени тяжести ХОБЛ. Бронхолитик выбирался по приросту ОФВ-, на 5-12% в острой ингаляционной пробе. Исследование проводилось на фоне ранее подобранной антиангинальной терапии. Оценивали физикальные данные, показатели ФВД , проводили кардиопульмональное тестирование на велоэргометре, анализ газов крови, суточное мониторирование Э К Г по Холтеру, суточное мониторирование АД и ЧСС. Качество жизни исследовали по русскоязычной версии опросника SGRQ. Фармакоэкономический анализ проводили с учетом стоимости лекарственного препарата на полный курс лечения, стоимости лекарственных препаратов, назначенных по поводу ИБС, стоимости затрат, связанных с мониторингом лечения, работой медицинского персонала и пребыванием больного в стационаре.Полученные предварительные результаты свидетельствуют о безопасности длительного использования бронхолитических препаратов в комплексной терапии больных с сочетанной патологией легких и сердечнососудистой системы. Комплексная оценка динамики состояния кардиореспираторной системы показала необходимость и обоснованность таких терапевтических программ. Некоторое повышение затрат на обследование окупается уменьшением числа госпитализаций, повышением работоспособности, снижением инвалидизации