THE EFFECT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ON EEG TOPOGRAPHIC CHANGES AFTER ON-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

The purpose. Previously it was shown that on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) induced cerebral ischemia and cognitive decline. The patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) could be a high-risk group of CABG-associated cognitive decline. Non-invasive neuromonitoring can provide information regarding subclinical symptoms and topography of cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the topographic changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without MCI before and after on-pump CABG.Methods: 62 males with CAD were divided into two groups according to their Mini-Mental State Examination: without MCI (n = 37) and with MCI (n = 25). Clinical factors were assessed, including the severity of coronary lesions (SYNTAX score), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Eyes-closed rest EEG was recorded from 62 channels positioned according to the International 10–20 system. Spectral EEG power was calculated for frequencies from 0.1 to 50 Hz.Results: The patients with MCI had theta-1 (4–6 Hz) power increase 7-10 days after on-pump CABG only in frontal and fronto-central clusters of right and left hemispheres as compared to the preoperative values, whereas in the groups without MCI this effect was widespread over the brain. In the beta-1 band (13–20 Hz), CABG patients with MCI had power increase in the frontal, fronto-central and fronto-temporal regions of the brain cortex. Similar power changes in patients without MCI were observed only for occipital brain clusters.Conclusions: CAD patients with MCI have demonstrated EEG signs of cortical dysfunction focused on the frontal brain areas. Cortical dysfunction in this localization can be associated with the progression of cognitive deficits, causing loss social integration in CAD patients with MCI.The purpose. Previously it was shown that on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) induced cerebral ischemia and cognitive decline. The patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) could be a high-risk group of CABG-associated cognitive decline. Non-invasive neuromonitoring can provide information regarding subclinical symptoms and topography of cerebral ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the topographic changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with or without MCI before and after on-pump CABG.Methods: 62 males with CAD were divided into two groups according to their Mini-Mental State Examination: without MCI (n = 37) and with MCI (n = 25). Clinical factors were assessed, including the severity of coronary lesions (SYNTAX score), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Eyes-closed rest EEG was recorded from 62 channels positioned according to the International 10–20 system. Spectral EEG power was calculated for frequencies from 0.1 to 50 Hz.Results: The patients with MCI had theta-1 (4–6 Hz) power increase 7-10 days after on-pump CABG only in frontal and fronto-central clusters of right and left hemispheres as compared to the preoperative values, whereas in the groups without MCI this effect was widespread over the brain. In the beta-1 band (13–20 Hz), CABG patients with MCI had power increase in the frontal, fronto-central and fronto-temporal regions of the brain cortex. Similar power changes in patients without MCI were observed only for occipital brain clusters. Conclusions: CAD patients with MCI have demonstrated EEG signs of cortical dysfunction focused on the frontal brain areas. Cortical dysfunction in this localization can be associated with the progression of cognitive deficits, causing loss social integration in CAD patients with MCI

Leaf Mesophyll Structure and Photosynthetic Activity in Calla palustris L. from Natural Habitats with Different Level of Technogenic Pollution

A study of leaf structure and CO2 assimilation rate was conducted on the emergent plant Calla palustris L. from natural habitats with different levels of technogenic pollution (the Sak-Elga River, upstream and downstream of the Karabash copper smelter, Chelyabinsk region, Russia). It was found that both chlorophyll a content andthe rate of CO2 assimilation decreased twofold in plants from the downstream site. No significant changes were observed in leaf mesophyll structure and the volume of aerenchyma in the leaf. It was shown that in plants from strongly contaminated site, the decrease in spongy mesophyll cell volume was compensated by the increase in their number, whereas the decrease in the number of chloroplasts per cell was accompanied by a growth in volume. It is concluded that the changes in the numerical and dimensional characteristics of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts provide for the viability of C. palustris under prolonged technogenic impact and demonstrate the plasticity of the photosynthetic apparatus. Keywords: emergent plant, heavy metals, adaptation, leaf structure, CO2 uptak

Impact of preoperative mild cognitive impairment on cerebrovascular events and cognitive status in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: data from 5-year follow-up

Aim. To assess the incidence of cerebrovascular events and cognitive status in the long-term period after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with and without preoperative mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Material and methods. This prospective study involved 115 patients aged 45 to 69 years, who were admitted to the hospital for elective on-pump CABG. All patients underwent clinical, laboratory, ultrasound, neuroimaging and neuropsychological examination 3-5 days before and 5-7 years after CABG. Cognitive functioning was assessed using screening neuropsychological scales and neuropsychological testing with an assessment of neurodynamics, attention and short-term memory. Pre-CABG MCI was diagnosed based on the criteria by R. Petersen et al. Therefore, the patients were divided into two groups: with (n=51) and without MCI (n=64).Results. It was found that strokes and dementia during the long-term postoperative period of CABG were observed only in the group of patients with preoperative MCI (7,84%). Five-seven years after CABG, a decrease in cognitive status according to neuropsychological scales was found in all patients (p≤0,05). A decrease in neurodynamics, attention and short-term memory compared to the preoperative level was found in 47,92% of patients with preoperative MCI, without MCI — in 40,63%. Neurodynamic disorders occurred equally frequently in both groups (63,8% and 57,8% of patients, respectively). Memory impairments were more often observed in patients with MCI (55,3%) compared to those without MCI (34,4%) (OR=2,36, 95% CI, 1,09-5,12, p=0,03). According to brain multislice computed tomography in the group with preoperative MCI, the number of patients with cysts and leukoaraiosis 5-7 years after CABG was higher than in those without MCI (p≤0,05).Conclusion. In the long-term (5-7 years) postoperative period of CABG, more than 40% of patients demonstrate a decrease in cognitive status, regardless of preoperative data. At the same time, preoperative MCI is associated with adverse cerebrovascular events and dementia, accompanied by morphological brain abnormalities. Due to the revealed facts, it is necessary to optimize approaches to drug treatment and secondary prevention of cognitive decline after cardiac surgery

Ранние неврологические исходы второго типа при симультанном и гибридном вмешательствах у пациентов с мультифокальным атеросклерозом коронарных и брахиоцефальных артерий

Aim. To compare secondary neurological outcomes in patients with brachiocephalic and coronary artery disease in the early postoperative period after different surgical treatment strategies (simultaneous and hybrid).Methods. Secondary neurological outcomes were evaluated in 43 patients with coronary and brachiocephalic artery disease in the early postoperative period after (1) carotid endarterectomy and on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery; (2) percutaneous coronary intervention and carotid endarterectomy. Demographic, clinical, instrumental data were collected. Neuropsychological assessment was performed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and Frontal Assessment Battery. Memory, attention and neurodynamics were measured using the “Status-PF” software at days 2–3 before the surgery and at days 5–7 after it. The presence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was estimated on the basis of criteria defined as a 20% decline on 20% of the tests. Statistical analysis was performed using the software package “Statistica 10.0”.Results. Patients who underwent hybrid intervention demonstrated improved attention and memory in the early postoperative period. Complex visual-motor reaction significantly increased in patients after simultaneous surgery. Attention differed significantly in both groups. Thus, patients from the hybrid group processed more characters per 1 and 4 minutes while completing the Bourdon proof reading test. The total number of processed characters prevailed in the hybrid group. Cognitive processing speed was higher in the hybrid group according to the brain performance test. The incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction was 60% in patients after simultaneous surgery and 11% in patients after hybrid surgery (p = 0.006, OR±SE 12.5±3.2).Conclusion. Hybrid intervention has shown its superiority over simultaneous intervention in terms of low rate of early cognitive impairment, thereby confirming the necessity to take into account the obtained results while selecting the optimal surgical treatment in patients with coronary and brachiocephalic artery disease present with cognitive deficits at baseline.Цель. Сравнить ранние неврологические исходы второго типа при различных стратегиях хирургического вмешательства (симультанном и гибридном) у пациентов с мультифокальным атеросклерозом коронарных и брахиоцефальных артерий.Материалы и методы. Оценены ранние неврологические исходы второго типа у 43 пациентов, подвергшихся сочетанной операции в объеме каротидной эндартерэктомии и коронарного шунтирования при использовании искусственного кровообращения и гибридному вмешательству в объеме чрескожного коронарного вмешательства со стентированием коронарных артерий и каротидной эндартерэктомии. Использованы демографические, клинические, инструментальные методы исследования. Нейропсихологическое исследование включало Краткую шкалу оценки когнитивного статуса (Mini-Mental State Examination), Батарею лобной дисфункции (Frontal Assеssment Battery). Оценку памяти, внимания и нейродинамики проводили на программно-аппаратном комплексе Status-PF за 2–3 дня и через 5–7 дней после вмешательства. Послеоперационную когнитивную дисфункцию диагностировали при снижении исходных показателей памяти, внимания и нейродинамики на 20% в 20% пройденных тестов.Результаты. У пациентов, перенесших гибридное вмешательство, в раннем послеоперационном периоде улучшались показатели внимания и памяти. У больных группы симультанного лечения достоверно увеличивалась скорость сложной зрительно-моторной реакции. Выявлены значимые межгрупповые различия по показателям внимания. Так, пациенты после гибридной хирургии прорабатывали большее количество знаков на первой и четвертой минутах теста корректурной пробы Бурдона, также в данной группе общее количество переработанных знаков указанного теста. Скорость выполнения теста работоспособности головного мозга также была выше у больных после гибридного вмешательства. Частота развития ранней послеоперационной когнитивной дисфункции в группе симультанной операции составила 60%, в группе гибридного вмешательства – 11% (p = 0,006), при оценке шансов (ОR±SE) 12,5±3,2.Заключение. Гибридное вмешательство показало преимущество с позиции ранних когнитивных расстройств по сравнению с симультанной операцией, что позволяет учитывать данное обстоятельство при выборе хирургической тактики у пациентов с мультифокальным атеросклерозе коронарных и брахиоцефальных артерий при исходном дефиците когнитивных функций

Связь результатов нейропсихологического тестирования и показателей регионарного мозгового кровотока по данным ОФЭКТ у пациентов кардиохирургического профиля

The article provides new data on the association between changes in regional cerebral blood flow during SPECT and cognitive impairment in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. The possibilities of using SPECT as a diagnostic tool in localization of areas with a similar association, in assessing the dynamics in brain perfusion and cognitive functions in the pre- and postoperative period are shown.Aim. To determine the presence of an association between the indicators of regional cerebral blood flow according to single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data and the data of neuropsychological testing in cardiac surgery patients.Methods. We studied the parameters of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the data of neuropsychological testing in 34 cardiac surgical patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG, n = 13) and combined carotid endarterectomy and CABG (n = 21). The state of the brain was assessed by SPECT using a radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-HMPAO (Ceretek). Assessment of cognitive functions before surgery, 2–3 days before, and in the early postoperative period, on days 5–7, was carried out using a hardware-software complex Status-PF.Results. A statistically significant relationship was found between the indices of rCBF according to neuropsychological testing data in the pre- and postoperative period. We noted a moderate correlation with the Beck Depression Scale indicators in the 1st (p = 0.010943) and 2nd (p = 0.000604) groups before surgery. There was a high correlation with visual-motor response time (VMR) before (p = 0.003878) and after the procedure (p = 0.001251), a moderate correlation with the number of errors (VMR) before the procedure (p = 0.042911) and a high correlation after the procedure (p = 0.003521) in the 1st group; in the 2nd group, there was a moderate correlation before (p = 0.004625) and after the procedure (p = 0 .005689). A moderate correlation with the indicators of attention after the procedure (p = 0.049611) was noted in the 1st group, in the 2nd group, we noted a moderate correlation before (p = 0.021969) and after the procedure (p = 0.008905). In the 2nd group there was a moderate correlation with the number of processed symbols (the Bourdon test) during the 1st minute before the procedure (p = 0.016491), a high correlation after the procedure (p = 0.007920), and a high correlation with the number of processed symbols during the 4th minute before the procedure (p = 0.001473). There was a moderate correlation with a total with number of processed symbols in the 2nd group before (p = 0.029073) and after the procedure (p = 0.024164), and a high correlation with the number of errors made after the procedure in the 1st (p = 0.006367) and 2nd (p = 0.013780) groups. A high correlation with indicators of attention after surgery (p = 0.000153) was noted as well. Conclusion. The indicators of regional cerebral blood flow obtained by SPECT in patients undergoing isolated CABG and combined CAE and CABG were associated with the data of neuropsychological testing and reflect changes in the cognitive status of patients.В работе получены новые сведения о связи изменений регионального мозгового кровотока при ОФЭКТ и когнитивных нарушений у пациентов кардиохирургического профиля, подвергшихся коронарному шунтированию и сочетанному вмешательству на коронарных и каротидных артериях в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Показаны возможности ОФЭКТ как диагностического инструмента в определении локализации областей с подобной связью, в оценке динамики изменений перфузии головного мозга и когнитивных функций в до- и послеоперационном периоде.Цель. Определить наличие связи между показателями регионарного мозгового кровотока (рМК) по данным однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии (ОФЭКТ) и данными нейропсихологического тестирования у кардиохирургических пациентов. Материалы и методы. Изучены показатели рМК и данные нейропсихологического тестирования 34 пациентов кардиохирургического профиля, подвергшихся коронарному шунтированию (n = 13) и сочетанному вмешательству на коронарных и каротидных артериях (n = 21). Состояние головного мозга оценено методом ОФЭКТ с радиофармпрепаратом 99mTc-HMPAO (Ceretec, GE Healthcare, Великобритания). Оценка когнитивных функций до хирургического вмешательства, за 2–3 дня, и в раннем послеоперационном периоде, на 5–7-й день, проведена на программно-аппаратном комплексе Status-PF.Результаты. Выявлена статистическая связь между показателями рМК и данными нейропсихологического тестирования в до- и послеоперационном периоде. Зарегистрирована заметная связь с показателями шкалы депрессии Бека в 1-й (p = 0,010943) и 2-й (p = 0,000604) группах до операции. В 1-й группе определена высокая связь со временем сложной зрительно-моторной реакции (СЗМР) до (p = 0,003878) и после (p = 0,001251) операции, заметная связь с количеством ошибок (СЗМР) до (p = 0,042911) и высокая связь после (p = 0,003521) операции; во 2-й группе заметная связь до (p = 0,004625) и после (p = 0,005689) вмешательства. В 1-й группе отмечена заметная связь с объемом внимания после операции (p = 0,049611), во 2-й группе заметная связь до (p = 0,021969) и после (p = 0,008905) вмешательства. Выявлена связь с количеством переработанных знаков пробы Бурдона: на 1-й минуте во 2-й группе заметная связь до (p = 0,016491) и высокая после (p = 0,007920) операции, на 4-й минуте во 2-й группе высокая связь до операции (p = 0,001473); с общим количеством переработанных знаков: во 2-й группе заметная связь до (p = 0,029073) и после (p = 0,024164) операции; с количеством совершенных ошибок высокая связь после операции в 1-й (p = 0,006367) и 2-й (p = 0,013780) группах; отмечена высокая связь с коэффициентом внимания после операции (p = 0,000153).Заключение. Показатели регионарного мозгового кровотока, полученные методом ОФЭКТ, у пациентов, перенесших изолированное коронарное шунтирование и симультанные вмешательства на каротидных и коронарных артериях, коррелируют с данными нейропсихологического тестирования и отражают изменения когнитивного статуса больных

ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ, ПЛАНИРУЕМЫХ НА КОРОНАРНОЕ ШУНТИРОВАНИЕ

Aim. To assess attitude of patients to coronary arthe in-hospital settings and determining coping stratetery disease (CAD) for evaluating their adaptation to gies used to overcome surgery-related stress.Materials and methods. 132 male patients (the mean age 61 years) with stable coronary artery disease were included in the study. All patients underwent the assessmentof psychological status performed by clinical psychologists in the preoperative period. The subjective assessment of patients’ psychological state and attitude to the disease was evaluated using the A.E. Lichko questionnaire. The Lazarus “Ways of Coping” questionnaire was used to determine behavioral strategies for coping with stress. Patients’ responsibility for their somatic symptoms was assessed using the health scale “Level of Subjective Control”. Psychological testing was performed on days 5-7 before CABG.Results. Harmonious, ergopathicand anosognostic types of attitude to the diseaseprevailed in the study group. 114 (80%) patients had a combination of two or more types of attitude to the disease. Harmonious and ergopathic types of attitude were commonly com bined with other types of attitude to the disease (n=96, 73%). The assessment of the subjective level of control reported that internal locus of control was found in 36 patients (27%) and externallocus of control in96 patients (73%). The assessment of coping-strategies showed that 79 (60%) patientsrarely used stress-coping strategies. Moreover, 6 patients (5%) did not use any coping strategies.Conclusion. Harmonious, ergopathic and anosognostic types of attitude to the disease prevailed in patients with coronary artery disease in the preoperative period. Moreover, external locus of control and the rare use of stress-coping strategies in these patients suggested the need for comprehensive medical and psychological support that should be intriduced in the in-hospital setting.Цель. Изучение типа отношения к болезни у па-циентов с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) для определения особенностей адаптации к стационарным условиям и выявления способов преодоления такой стрессовой ситуации, как предстоящее оперативное вмешательство.Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 132 пациента-мужчин со стабильной формой ИБС, (средний возраст 61 год).Оценка психологического статуса пациентов осуществлялась клиническим психологом на предварительном этапе подготовки к КШ. Для диагностики субъективной оценки пациентом своего психологического состояния и отношения к заболеванию использовался опросник «Тип отношения к болезни по А.Е. Личко», для определения стратегий поведения в стрессовых ситуациях и способов их преодоления опросник «Способы совладающего поведения» Лазаруса, для определения ответственности пациента за свое соматическое состояние использовалась шкала здоровья теста «Уровень субъективного контроля». Психологическое тестирование проводилось за 5-7 дней до предстоящей операции.Результаты. В исследуемой группе пациентов было выявлено преобладание гармоничного, эргопатического и анозогностического типов отношения к болезни. Преобладающее количество пациентов имели сочетание двух и более типов отношения к болезни, что наблюдается у 114 (80%) пациентов. Больше всего комбинаций наблюдается у гармоничного и эргопатического типа с другими типами отношения к болезни 96 (73%). При исследовании уровня субъ-ективного контроля в отношении здоровья интернальный локус контроля наблюдался у 36 пациентов (27 %) и экстернальный локус контроля наблюдался у 96 пациентов (73%). Исследование копинг-стратегий выявило, что 79 (60%) пациентов относились к группе с редким использованием стратегий преодоления стрессовых ситуаций. Редкое использование всех копинг-стратегий наблюдалось у 6 пациентов (5%).Заключение. Поведенческие особенности пациентов с ИБС на этапе подготовки к КШ характеризуются гармоничным, эргопатическим и анозогнозическим типами отношения к болезни, преимущественно экстернальным локусом контроля и преобладанием редкого использования копинг-стратегий, что требует комплексного медико-психологического сопровождения

НЕЙРОПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ СТАТУС ПАЦИЕНТОВ СО СТАБИЛЬНОЙ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ СЕРДЦА И ФАКТОРЫ, НА НЕГО ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ

The purpose. To assess neuropsychological status of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and to determine the factors affecting it.Material and methods. 272 male patients aged 45-69 years were included in the study. Neuropsychological status of patients with coronary artery disease was assessed and presented as an integrated index.Results. The integrated index of neuropsychological status was reported to be 2 times less than those in healthy subjects matched for age (0.47 [0.35; 0.59] vs. 0.8 [0.72; 0.87, (p <0.0001)). The most significant factors affecting neuropsychological status of patients with coronary artery disease were as follows: age (p = 0.00271), number of years of education (p = 0.033), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.018), as well as plasma triglyceride levels (TG) (p = 0.003). Conclusion. The integrated approach to the assessment of neuropsychological status in patients with CAD allows not only presenting it as a single index, but also determining the extent to which the index deviate from neuropsychological status of healthy subjects. The factors affecting neuropsychological status in patients with coronary artery disease were as follows: age, number of years of education, LVEF and plasma triglyceride levels.Цель. Оценить состояние нейропсихологического статуса пациентов со стабильной ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) и определить факторы, на него влияющие.Материал и методы. Обследовано 272 мужчины в возрасте 45-69 лет. Нейропсихологический статус пациента с ИБС комплексным способом был представлен в виде его интегрального показателя.Результаты. Выявлено, что интегральный показатель нейропсихологического статуса почти в 2 раза ниже данного показателя здоровых лиц того же возраста (0,47 [0,35; 0,59] и 0,8 [0,72; 0,87, (p<0,0001)). Установлено, что наиболее значимыми факторами, влияющими на нейропсихологический статус пациента с ИБС, являются возраст (p=0,00271), количество лет обучения (p=0,033), фракции выброса левого желудочка (p=0,018), а также концентрация в плазме триглицеридов (ТГ) (p=0,003).Выводы. Комплексный способ оценки нейропсихологического статуса у пациентов с ИБС позволяет оценить и представить его в виде единого показателя, а также определить степень его отклонения от статуса здоровых лиц. Факторами, негативно влияющими на состояние нейропсихологического статуса у пациентов с ИБС, являются возраст, количество лет образования, ФВ ЛЖ и концентрация в плазме крови ТГ

TRAIT ANXIETY AS A RISK FACOR OF COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS AFTER MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION

Aim. To study the effects of trait anxiety (TA) on the post-CABG (coronary artery bypass graft surgery) dynamics of cognitive function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Material and methods. In total, 52 patients, aged 45–70 years, were divided into two groups: with moderate (n=24) and high (n=28) levels of TA. Results. The patients with high TA demonstrated worse cognitive function parameters 6 months after CABG, compared to the patients with moderate TA levels. Conclusion. High TA levels are one of the factors which negatively affect cognitive function parameters in CHD patients. These patients could be regarded at increased risk of post-CABG cerebrovascular complications

STRUCTURE OF COGNITIVE DISORDERS AND DYNAMICS OF BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN IN PATIENTS AFTER DIRECT MYOCARDIAL REVASCULARIZATION

Aim. To analyze structural chareacteristics and electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern of post-operation cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients after direct myocardial revascularization under artificial circulation (AI). Material and methods. Totally 114 male-patients included, underwent scheduled coronary bypass grafting (CBG) under the AI, with average age 55,9±5,3 y. In 3-5 days before operation and on 7-10 day after all patients underwent neurophysiological testing; of those 65 patients also underwent EEG. Results. The CBG operation with AI leads in 79% of cases to the early POCD. Cognitive impairment usually becomes prominent in the domains of neurodynamics and memory. It is shown that the early POCD is followed by EEG-signs of cortical dysfunction (increase of low-frequency theta-rhythm magnitude).Conclusion. According to the results of the study, in post-operative CBG with AI period the structure of POCD consists of injury of neurodynamics and memory, which might be a cause of decreased life quality of patients and efficacy of surgery itself