ПАНДЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ГРИПП A (H1N1) PDM 09 В ЭПИДСЕЗОН 2015/2016 ГГ.: АНАЛИЗ ЛЕТАЛЬНЫХ ИСХОДОВ У ДЕТЕЙ

The analysis of the characteristics of the current influenza A(H1N1) pdm 09 at 624 children in the 2015/2016 season. For severe illness (5%) characterized by short incubation period, lack of initial period, acute or acute onset with rapid development of multiorgan failure, prolonged febrile body temperature (up to 5—6 days or more) in the absence of complications, a prolonged severe intoxication (4—5 days or more), a significant frequency of diarrhea syndrome (10,2%), hemorrhagic syndrome (5.3%), exacerbation of comorbidity (20%), combined  with other viral infections  — herpes, rotavirus, enterovirus and others (33%).In the clinical analysis of blood — leukopenia (33.9%), leukocytosis (14.5%) with neutrophilic  shift (11.3%), neutrophilia (51.6%), monocytosis (45.2%), lymphocytosis (9.7%), thrombocytopenia, anemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate moderately; in the biochemical analysis of blood, hypernatremia, increase in the concentration of lactate, hyperfermentemia (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CPK), hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, increased CRP, increased creatinine and urea, increase of procalcitonin (PCT). In the structure of complications of pneumonia was 6%, stenosing laryngotracheitis — 9.8%, obstructive bronchitis — 14.5%. Two unvaccinated against influenza in infants who become ill during the epidemic period for influenza and SARS from homes with a typical clinical picture, died from severe (toxic) form of pandemic influenza. Pandemic influenza occurred at the background of severe immunosuppression (atrophy of the thymus, depletion  of follicles of peripheral organs of immunogenesis — spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils). The main cause of death was the development of multiple organ failure with rapid progressive lesion of the vital organs. Проведен анализ особенностей течения гриппа A (H1N1) pdm 09 у 624 детей в эпидсезон 2015/2016 гг. При тяжелой форме болезни (5%) отмечаются: короткий инкубационный период, отсутствие начального периода, острое или острейшее начало с быстрым развитием полиорганной недостаточности, длительная фебрильная температура тела (до 5—6 суток и более) при отсутствии осложнений,  выраженная длительная интоксикация (4—5 суток и более), значительная частота синдрома диареи (10,2%), развитие геморрагического синдрома (5,3%), обострение сопутствующей патологии (20%), сочетание с другими вирусными инфекциями — герпесвирусной, ротавирусной, энтеровирусной и др. (33%).В клиническом  анализе крови отмечаются лейкопения (33,9%), лейкоцитоз (14,5%) с нейтрофильным сдвигом (11,3%), нейтрофилез (51,6%), моноцитоз (45,2%), лимфоцитоз (9,7%), тромбоцитопения, анемия, умеренно ускоренная СОЭ; в биохимическом анализе крови  — гипернатриемия, нарастание концентрации лактата, гиперферментемия (АЛТ, АСТ, ЩФ, ЛДГ, КФК), гипопротеинемия, диспротеинемия, повышение СРБ, повышение креатинина и мочевины, увеличение прокальцитонина (ПКТ). В структуре  осложнений  пневмонии  составили 6%, стенозирующие ларинготрахеиты  —  9,8%, обструктивные   бронхиты  — 14,5%. Двое непривитых против гриппа детей раннего возраста, заболевшие в эпидемический период по гриппу, из семейных очагов ОРВИ, с типичной клинической картиной, умерли от тяжелой (токсической) формы пандемического гриппа. Пандемический грипп протекал на фоне выраженной иммуносупрессии (атрофия тимуса, истощение фолликулов периферических органов иммуногенеза — селезенки, лимфатических узлов, миндалин). Основной причиной смерти явилось развитие полиорганной недостаточности с быстрым прогрессирующим поражением жизненно важных органов

PANDEMIC INFLUENZA A (H1N1) PDM 09 IN THE SEASON 2015/2016: ANALYSIS OF FATAL OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN

The analysis of the characteristics of the current influenza A(H1N1) pdm 09 at 624 children in the 2015/2016 season. For severe illness (5%) characterized by short incubation period, lack of initial period, acute or acute onset with rapid development of multiorgan failure, prolonged febrile body temperature (up to 5—6 days or more) in the absence of complications, a prolonged severe intoxication (4—5 days or more), a significant frequency of diarrhea syndrome (10,2%), hemorrhagic syndrome (5.3%), exacerbation of comorbidity (20%), combined  with other viral infections  — herpes, rotavirus, enterovirus and others (33%).In the clinical analysis of blood — leukopenia (33.9%), leukocytosis (14.5%) with neutrophilic  shift (11.3%), neutrophilia (51.6%), monocytosis (45.2%), lymphocytosis (9.7%), thrombocytopenia, anemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate moderately; in the biochemical analysis of blood, hypernatremia, increase in the concentration of lactate, hyperfermentemia (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CPK), hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, increased CRP, increased creatinine and urea, increase of procalcitonin (PCT). In the structure of complications of pneumonia was 6%, stenosing laryngotracheitis — 9.8%, obstructive bronchitis — 14.5%. Two unvaccinated against influenza in infants who become ill during the epidemic period for influenza and SARS from homes with a typical clinical picture, died from severe (toxic) form of pandemic influenza. Pandemic influenza occurred at the background of severe immunosuppression (atrophy of the thymus, depletion  of follicles of peripheral organs of immunogenesis — spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils). The main cause of death was the development of multiple organ failure with rapid progressive lesion of the vital organs

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soil humic acid fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography and ultrafiltration

A humic acid (HA) from chernozem soil has been fractionated either by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sephadex G-75 using water, Tris-HCl or 7 M urea as eluents, or by ultrafiltration (UF) in the presence of 7 M urea or water. UF-fractionated HA was classified as 100K (nominal retention size >100 000); 30K (100 000-30 000); 10K (30 000-10 000); 5K (10 000-5000). Several pools from each chromatography and all ultrafiltration retentates were assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results indicate that SEC fractionation gave a better separation of HA on fractions differing in electrophoretic mobility and molecular size (MS), and that apparently SEC is a more feasible technique than UF for soil HA fractionation; nevertheless the UF in 7 M urea solution might be useful for MS evaluation of HA fractions obtained by association SEC-PAGE. PAGE in the presence of denaturing agents can be successfully used for checking the purity of HA fractions obtained by both SEC and UF.The research described in this paper was made possible in part by grant MU000 from the Interna- tional Science Foundation (ISF) and cooperative grant M U 0 3 0 0 between the Russian Government and ISF. The authors also benefitted from the Cooperation Agreement between the Russian Academy of Sciences and the C.S.I.C. and a grant from the Junta de Andalucía for scientific exchanges.Peer Reviewe

Thermochemolysis of genetically different soil humic acids and their fractions obtained by tandem size exclusion chromatography-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Humic acids (HA) from soils of very different origin and bioclimatic conditions (podzoluvisol, phasozem, chernozem, and ferralsol) were fractionated by coupling size-exclusion chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (tandem SEC-PAGE). From each HA, three fractions-A, B, and C+D, with different molecular sizes and electrophoretic mobilities-were obtained and analysed by thermochemolysis, the products being identified subsequently by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Regardless of HA origin, fraction A contained considerably more n-fatty acids and n-alkanes derived from plant waxes than did fractions B and C+D. Lignins accumulated mainly in fractions B and C+D. These results show that tandem SEC-PAGE allowed the separation of soil HA into fractions enriched in different structural components whose distribution was independent of HA genesis.This work was supported by the travel grants from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas–Russian Academy of Sciences Cooperation Agreement. Part of this reseach has been supported by INTAS (project 01-186) and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 04-05-64687-a).Peer Reviewe

Tandem size exclusion chromatography-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of humic acids

Humic acids (HAs) from four soils were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sephadex G-75. Three fractions were obtained in all humic acids, collected and assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The unfractionated HA from each soil was used as reference. Each chromatographic fraction formed one electrophoretic zone corresponding closely to one band of the reference sample with some admixture of the fractions preceding or following. The results indicate that fractionation of HAs by tandem SEC-PAGE can be successfully used for obtaining fractions of reduced polydispersity and different electrophoretic mobilities. Pyrolysis/methylation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the full size preparations of HA and fractions with exactly defined molecular size and electrophoretic mobility showed a different distribution in humic components, mainly lipids, lignin derivatives and N-containing compounds.Peer Reviewe

ПАНДЕМИЧЕСКИЙ ГРИПП A (H1N1) PDM 09 В ЭПИДСЕЗОН 2015/2016 ГГ.: АНАЛИЗ ЛЕТАЛЬНЫХ ИСХОДОВ У ДЕТЕЙ

The analysis of the characteristics of the current influenza A(H1N1) pdm 09 at 624 children in the 2015/2016 season. For severe illness (5%) characterized by short incubation period, lack of initial period, acute or acute onset with rapid development of multiorgan failure, prolonged febrile body temperature (up to 5—6 days or more) in the absence of complications, a prolonged severe intoxication (4—5 days or more), a significant frequency of diarrhea syndrome (10,2%), hemorrhagic syndrome (5.3%), exacerbation of comorbidity (20%), combined  with other viral infections  — herpes, rotavirus, enterovirus and others (33%).In the clinical analysis of blood — leukopenia (33.9%), leukocytosis (14.5%) with neutrophilic  shift (11.3%), neutrophilia (51.6%), monocytosis (45.2%), lymphocytosis (9.7%), thrombocytopenia, anemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate moderately; in the biochemical analysis of blood, hypernatremia, increase in the concentration of lactate, hyperfermentemia (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CPK), hypoproteinemia, dysproteinemia, increased CRP, increased creatinine and urea, increase of procalcitonin (PCT). In the structure of complications of pneumonia was 6%, stenosing laryngotracheitis — 9.8%, obstructive bronchitis — 14.5%. Two unvaccinated against influenza in infants who become ill during the epidemic period for influenza and SARS from homes with a typical clinical picture, died from severe (toxic) form of pandemic influenza. Pandemic influenza occurred at the background of severe immunosuppression (atrophy of the thymus, depletion  of follicles of peripheral organs of immunogenesis — spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils). The main cause of death was the development of multiple organ failure with rapid progressive lesion of the vital organs. Проведен анализ особенностей течения гриппа A (H1N1) pdm 09 у 624 детей в эпидсезон 2015/2016 гг. При тяжелой форме болезни (5%) отмечаются: короткий инкубационный период, отсутствие начального периода, острое или острейшее начало с быстрым развитием полиорганной недостаточности, длительная фебрильная температура тела (до 5—6 суток и более) при отсутствии осложнений,  выраженная длительная интоксикация (4—5 суток и более), значительная частота синдрома диареи (10,2%), развитие геморрагического синдрома (5,3%), обострение сопутствующей патологии (20%), сочетание с другими вирусными инфекциями — герпесвирусной, ротавирусной, энтеровирусной и др. (33%).В клиническом  анализе крови отмечаются лейкопения (33,9%), лейкоцитоз (14,5%) с нейтрофильным сдвигом (11,3%), нейтрофилез (51,6%), моноцитоз (45,2%), лимфоцитоз (9,7%), тромбоцитопения, анемия, умеренно ускоренная СОЭ; в биохимическом анализе крови  — гипернатриемия, нарастание концентрации лактата, гиперферментемия (АЛТ, АСТ, ЩФ, ЛДГ, КФК), гипопротеинемия, диспротеинемия, повышение СРБ, повышение креатинина и мочевины, увеличение прокальцитонина (ПКТ). В структуре  осложнений  пневмонии  составили 6%, стенозирующие ларинготрахеиты  —  9,8%, обструктивные   бронхиты  — 14,5%. Двое непривитых против гриппа детей раннего возраста, заболевшие в эпидемический период по гриппу, из семейных очагов ОРВИ, с типичной клинической картиной, умерли от тяжелой (токсической) формы пандемического гриппа. Пандемический грипп протекал на фоне выраженной иммуносупрессии (атрофия тимуса, истощение фолликулов периферических органов иммуногенеза — селезенки, лимфатических узлов, миндалин). Основной причиной смерти явилось развитие полиорганной недостаточности с быстрым прогрессирующим поражением жизненно важных органов.</p