Population of higher-energy levels in LiY_(1-x)Er_xF_4 (x=O.003 ÷1) crystals under CW IR laser-diode pumping

Steady-state population of 7 lowest excited erbium. levels in LiY¬¬_(1-x)Er_xF_4 (YLF:Er^(3+) (x=0.003-1) crystals was studied under upconversion. CW InGaAs laser-diode pumping with varied power density. Theoretical and experimental concentration and power dependencies of population of higher-energy radiative levels were obtained. Relative changes in populations of studied levels in YLF:Er^(3+) crystals were experimentally controlled by visible spectra of steady-state luminescence in the wavelength ranges corresponding to transitions ^4S_(3/2) --> ^4I(15/2) (0.52--0.57) mum and ^4 F_(9/2) --> ^I_(15/2) (0.64--0.68) µm. IR-pumped luminescence kinetic curves of higher-energy transitions ^4S_(3/2) --> ^4I_(15/2) (0.55 µm) and ^2H_(9/2) --> ^4I_(15/2) (0.41 µm) were recorded. The energy-transfer mechanisms were determined, and the predominant mechanisms responsible for upconversion excitation were elucidated. Microparameters of energy transfer and concentration dependencies of the selfquenching rates and non-linear coupling were obtained on the basis of theoretical and experimental estimates of the rates of intra- and intercenter relaxation processes (migration, selfquenching, and upconversion) allowing for statistics of coupling between the impurity centers in the system. The steady-state dependencies of population on the erbium concentration and pumping power density were calculated within the framework of rate balance equations. Good agreement between the theory and experimental data was obtained

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЗАНЯТОСТИ ВЫПУСКНИКОВ ВУЗОВ НА РОССИЙСКОМ РЫНКЕ ТРУДА

The article presents the results of study of the positions of university graduates in the Russian labor market. The relevance of the subject is due to the fact that getting higher education instead of starting to work directly after school is now considered a social norm, and the fact that the structure of training in specialties and its quality, as stated by the top officials, does not meet the needs of the economy. The research is based on data of the first selective observation of employment of graduates of Rosstat, obtained in 2016, and the Ministry of Education and Science monitoring of graduates employment of 2015–2017. In the paper we assess the employment rate of young people with higher education by age groups; highlight regional features of university graduates employment; evaluate employment characteristics by groups of specialties; we study the distribution of employed university graduates by types of economic activity in comparison with the all-Russian structure of employment. It is concluded, that with an increase in the level of education the probability of success employment, including finding a job in the specialty, increases; and that job satisfaction is higher for those who work in their professional field. For NEET youth with higher education, recommendations on how to integrate into the labor market relations have been suggested.В статье представлены результаты исследования положения выпускников вузов на рынке труда России. Актуальность работы обусловлена тем, что, с одной стороны, получение высшего образования вместо начала трудовой деятельности непосредственно после окончания общеобразовательной школы стало в настоящее время социальной нормой, а с другой стороны, структура подготовки по специальностям и качество этой подготовки, о чем говорится на уровне первых лиц государства, не отвечают потребностям экономики. База исследования — данные первого выборочного наблюдения трудоустройства выпускников Росстата 2016 г. и мониторинга трудоустройства выпускников Министерства образования и науки 2015–2017 гг. В работе приводится оценка уровня занятости молодежи с высшим образованием по возрастным группам; выделены региональные особенности ее трудоустройства; проанализировано трудоустройство по группам специальностей; отмечены особенности распределения занятых выпускников вузов по видам экономической деятельности по сравнению с общероссийской структурой занятости. Доказано, что с повышением уровня образования вероятность найти работу, в том числе по специальности, возрастает; что удовлетворенность работой выше у тех, кто работает по специальности. Для NEET-молодежи с высшим образованием предложены рекомендации по ее интеграции в трудовую сферу

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on training and mental well-being of surgical gynecological oncology trainees

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has caused a crisis disrupting health systems worldwide. While efforts are being made to determine the extent of the disruption, the impact on gynecological oncology trainees/training has not been explored. We conducted an international survey of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on clinical practice, medical education, and mental well-being of surgical gynecological oncology trainees. Methods: In our cross-sectional study, a customized web-based survey was circulated to surgical gynecological oncology trainees from national/international organizations from May to November 2020. Validated questionnaires assessed mental well-being. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Fisher's exact test were used to analyse differences in means and proportions. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the effect of variables on psychological/mental well-being outcomes. Outcomes included clinical practice, medical education, anxiety and depression, distress, and mental well-being. Results: A total of 127 trainees from 34 countries responded. Of these, 52% (66/127) were from countries with national training programs (UK/USA/Netherlands/Canada/Australia) and 48% (61/127) from countries with no national training programs. Altogether, 28% (35/125) had suspected/confirmed COVID-19, 28% (35/125) experienced a fall in household income, 20% (18/90) were self-isolated from households, 45% (57/126) had to re-use personal protective equipment, and 22% (28/126) purchased their own. In total, 32.3% (41/127) of trainees (16.6% (11/66) from countries with a national training program vs 49.1% (30/61) from countries with no national training program, p=0.02) perceived they would require additional time to complete their training fellowship. The additional training time anticipated did not differ between trainees from countries with or without national training programs (p=0.11) or trainees at the beginning or end of their fellowship (p=0.12). Surgical exposure was reduced for 50% of trainees. Departmental teaching continued throughout the pandemic for 69% (87/126) of trainees, although at reduced frequency for 16.1% (14/87), and virtually for 88.5% (77/87). Trainees reporting adequate pastoral support (defined as allocation of a dedicated mentor/access to occupational health support services) had better mental well-being with lower levels of anxiety/depression (p=0.02) and distress (p<0.001). Trainees from countries with a national training program experienced higher levels of distress (p=0.01). Mean (SD) pre-pandemic mental well-being scores were significantly higher than post-pandemic scores (8.3 (1.6) vs 7 (1.8); p<0.01). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 has negatively impacted the surgical training, household income, and psychological/mental well-being of surgical gynecological oncology trainees. The overall clinical impact was worse for trainees in countries with no national training program than for those in countries with a national training program, although national training program trainees reported greater distress. COVID-19 sickness increased anxiety/depression. The recovery phase must focus on improving mental well-being and addressing lost training opportunities

Территориальное распределение аллелей SSR-локусов хлоропластной ДНК сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в Беларуси

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the main forest forming species in Belarus, which cover 49.2 % of the country’s forested area. The aim of the study was to investigate spatial distribution of microsatellite (SSR) alleles (chloroplast DNA) and identify the features of the genetic structure and genogeographic differentiation of P. sylvestris populations in Belarus. Molecular genetic analysis of six SSR loci of Scotch pine cpDNA in samples form 73 naturally originated stands was carried out. 35 allelic variants of loci PCP1289, PCP4507, PCP83314, PCP71987, PCP26106, PCP30277 were identified. The analysis of the geographic distribution of the dominant allelic variants showed that the population structure of the pine forest is rather homogeneous. Certain regional differences in a number of cases were found for less common, but also widespread variants. One group of alleles is characterized by an increase or decrease in the frequency of occurrence in the direction from the southwest to the northeast. Another group includes allelic variants which share is maximal in the zone covering the Grodno region, the southwestern part of the Minsk region and the Gomel region, while to southwest and to northeast from this zone their frequency of occurrence decreases or is absent. A number of alleles were found only in one of the analyzed stands or in a limited area, which may indicate their local origin as a result of spontaneous mutations. The obtained results are important both from a general biological point of view in studying the evolution and formation of the genetic structure of P. sylvestris in Belarus, and from a practical point of view, since they allow to improve the forest seed zoning of the species.Cосна обыкновенная (Pinus sylvestris L.) является одним из основных лесообразующих видов Беларуси, древостои которой занимают 49,2 % лесопокрытой площади страны. Целью исследования являлось выявление на основе изучения территориального распределения аллелей микросателлитных (SSR) локусов хлоропластной ДНК особенностей генетической структуры и геногеографической дифференциации популяций P. sylvestris в Беларуси. Проведен молекулярно-генетический анализ шести SSR-локусов хпДНК сосны обыкновенной в 73 древостоях естественного происхождения. Выявлено 35 аллельных вариантов локусов PCP1289, PCP4507, PCP83314, PCP71987, PCP26106, PCP30277. Анализ географического распространения аллельных вариантов показал, что по доминирующим вариантам популяционная структура сосновой формации достаточно однородна. Определенные региональные отличия в ряде случаев обнаружены по менее встречающимся, но также широко распространенным вариантам. Одна группа аллелей характеризуется увеличением или уменьшением частоты встречаемости в направлении с юго-запада на северо-восток. Другая группа включает аллельные варианты, долевое участие которых максимально в зоне, охватывающей Гродненскую область, юго-западную часть Минской области и Гомельскую область, в то время как юго-западнее или северо-восточнее от этой зоны отмечается снижение их частоты встречаемости или отсутствие. Ряд аллелей встречался только в одном из проанализированных древостоев или же на ограниченной территории, что может свидетельствовать об их местном происхождении в результате спонтанных мутаций. Полученные результаты важны как с общебиологической точки зрения при изучении эволюции и процессов формирования генетической структуры P. sylvestris в Беларуси, так и с практической, поскольку позволяют совершенствовать лесосеменное районирование вида

Анализ структурно-функциональной организации хлоропластного генома карельской березы на основании данных высокопроизводительного секвенирования

The sequencing and annotation of the curly birch chloroplast genome were carried out. A high level of similarity of the structural and functional organization of cpDNA among the species of the Betulaceae family was revealed. A set of primers was developed to assess the level of expression of EST markers of the curly birch cpDNA by the real time PCR method.Проведено секвенирование и аннотация хлоропластного генома карельской березы. Выявлен высокий уровень сходства структурно-функциональной организации хпДНК среди видов семейства Betulaceae. Разработан набор праймеров для оценки уровня экспрессии EST-маркеров хпДНК карельской березы методом ПЦР-РВ

Role of turbulence and electric fields in the establishment of improved confinement in tokamak plasmas

An extensive (INTAS) research programme started in 2002 to investigate the correlations between on the one hand the occurrence of transport barriers and improved confinement in the medium-size tokamaks TEXTOR and T-10 and on the smaller tokamaks FT-2, TUMAN-3M and CASTOR, and on the other hand electric fields, modified magnetic shear and electrostatic and magnetic turbulence using advanced diagnostics with high spatial and temporal resolution and of various active means to externally control plasma transport . This has been done in a strongly coordinated way and exploiting the complementarity of TEXTOR and T-10 and the backup potential of the three other tokamaks, which together have all the relevant experimental tools and theoretical expertise

Dermacentor reticulatus: a vector on the rise

Dermacentor reticulatus is a hard tick species with extraordinary biological features. It has a high reproduction rate, a rapid developmental cycle, and is also able to overcome years of unfavourable conditions. Dermacentor reticulatus can survive under water for several months and is cold-hardy even compared to other tick species. It has a wide host range: over 60 different wild and domesticated hosts are known for the three active developmental stages. Its high adaptiveness gives an edge to this tick species as shown by new data on the emergence and establishment of D. reticulatus populations throughout Europe. The tick has been the research focus of a growing number of scientists, physicians and veterinarians. Within the Web of Science database, more than a fifth of the over 700 items published on this species between 1897 and 2015 appeared in the last three years (2013–2015). Here we attempt to synthesize current knowledge on the systematics, ecology, geographical distribution and recent spread of the species and to highlight the great spectrum of possible veterinary and public health threats it poses. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis is a severe leading canine vector-borne disease in many endemic areas. Although less frequently than Ixodes ricinus, D. reticulatus adults bite humans and transmit several Rickettsia spp., Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus or Tick-borne encephalitis virus. We have not solely collected and reviewed the latest and fundamental scientific papers available in primary databases but also widened our scope to books, theses, conference papers and specialists colleagues’ experience where needed. Besides the dominant literature available in English, we also tried to access scientific literature in German, Russian and eastern European languages as well. We hope to inspire future research projects that are necessary to understand the basic life-cycle and ecology of this vector in order to understand and prevent disease threats. We conclude that although great strides have been made in our knowledge of the eco-epidemiology of this species, several gaps still need to be filled with basic research, targeting possible reservoir and vector roles and the key factors resulting in the observed geographical spread of D. reticulatus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1599-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference: summary of sessions EX/C and ICC

An overview is given of recent experimental results in the areas of innovative confinement concepts, operational scenarios and confinement experiments as presented at the 2010 IAEA Fusion Energy Conference. Important new findings are presented from fusion devices worldwide, with a strong focus towards the scientific and technical issues associated with ITER and W7-X devices, presently under construction

СТРАТЕГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ ДЛЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ І ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СТРАТЕГІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

The role of strategic analysis in the activity and ensuring the economic stability of the airline in the modern conditions of economic development is considered. An analysis of approaches to the study of the airline’s external environment in unstable market economic conditions. The specifics of the application of strategic analysis in aviation enterprises are scientifically substantiated. It is established that at the stage of strategic analysis interpret the strategic position of the organization by identifying changes in the economic environment of the organization and determining their impact on the organization and its activities, as well as identifying benefits and resources of the organization depending on such changes. The professionalism of the analysis of the modern airline allows to determine the main time tasks that it wants to perform in the medium and long term to achieve the goal. This limitation in the time period implies that in the process of implementing the strategic plan, the company must repeatedly take corrective action, which at the last stage radically changes the nature and direction of the planned results. Theoretical principles and practical recommendations for the use of strategic analysis as a tool for the formation and implementation of airline development strategy are proposed. Determining a strategic problem in advance increases the time you can respond to it. However, with increasing frequency of possible sudden changes, the degree of their predictability decreases. This means that until sufficient information is received for well-thought-out measures, there is a lack of time to implement them, which could harm the airline or lead to a loss of profitable economic opportunity. Tactical and strategic management in all respects should be based on a scientifically sound methodology of systems analysis to solve emerging problems.Розглянуто роль стратегічного аналізу в діяльності та забезпеченні економічної стійкості авіакомпанії в сучасних умовах розвитку економіки. Здійснено аналіз підходів щодо дослідження зовнішнього середовища авіакомпанії в нестабільних ринкових економічних умовах. Науково обґрунтовано специфіку застосування стратегічного аналізу в авіаційних підприємствах. Установлено, що на етапі стратегічного аналізу інтерпретують стратегічну позицію організації шляхом визначення змін, що виникли в економічному середовищі організації, та визначення їхнього впливу на організацію та її діяльність, а також виявлення переваг і ресурсів організації залежно від таких змін. Професіоналізм проведення аналізу діяльності сучасної авіакомпанії дозволяє визначити основні часові завдання, які вона хоче виконати в середньостроковому і довгостроковому періодах для досягнення встановленої мети. Таке обмеження в часовому періоді передбачає, що у процесі реалізації стратегічного плану підприємство повинно неодноразово здійснювати коригувальні дії, які на останньому етапі кардинально змінюють суть і напрям запланованих результатів. Запропоновані теоретичні засади і практичні рекомендації щодо використання стратегічного аналізу як інструменту формування і реалізації стратегії розвитку авіакомпаній. Заздалегідь визначившись із стратегічною проблемою, збільшується час, коли ви можете на неї реагувати. Однак зі збільшенням частоти можливих раптових змін ступінь їхньої передбачуваності зменшується. Це означає, що до моменту отримання достатньої інформації для продуманих заходів існує брак часу на їх реалізацію, що може спричинити шкоду авіакомпанії або призвести до втрати прибуткової економічної можливості. Тактичне та стратегічне управління в усіх аспектах має базуватися на науково обґрунтованій методології системного аналізу для розв’язання виникаючих проблем

Вплив складної ієрархії на поширення крихкої тріщини в бейнітних та мартенситних структурах сталі

Goal. Analysis of the propagation of transgranular and intercrystallite cleavage in bainitic structures, and methods for producing structures with a fairly complex hierarchy to stop brittle crack. Results. The above construction steel are characterized by  a complex  hierarchy,  the receipt of  which  is possible  by  subjecting the steel  rolling heating  after rolling and using doping. It lowers the threshold of cold brittleness, increases resistance to brittle fracture of steel, which is due to a refinement of the structure and an increase in the mechanical properties of complex steel. Conclusions. In this paper we analyzed the propagation of a brittle crack in the intermediate structures. The advantages of steel with a complex hierarchy of grain, such as acicular ferrite, low carbon lath martensite, which allows to suppress brittle fracture during its propagation in the body of structure.Цель. Анализ распространения транскристаллитного и интеркристаллитного скола в бейнитных структурах и  методов  получения  структуры  с  достаточно  сложной  иерархией  для  остановки  хрупкой  трещины.  Результаты.Рассмотренные  строительные  стали  характеризуются  сложной  иерархией,  получение  которой  возможно  при  подвергании стали  прокатному  нагреву  после  прокатки  и  при  использовании  легирования.  Это  снижает  порог  хладноломкости, увеличивает  сопротивление  стали  хрупкому  разрушению,  что  обусловлено  измельчением  структуры  и  повышением комплекса  механических свойств стали. Выводы. В данной  работе проведен анализ  распространения хрупкой трещины в промежуточных  структурах.  Установлено  преимущество  сталей  со  сложной  иерархией  зерна:  игольчатый  феррит, малоуглеродистого  реечного  мартенсита,  что  позволяет  подавлять  хрупкую  трещину  при  ее  распространении  в  теле структуры.Цель. Аналіз поширення транскристаллитного і інтеркрісталлітного скола в бейнітних структурах і методів отримання  структури  з  достатньо  складною  ієрархією  для  зупинки  крихкої  тріщини. Результати. Розглянуті будівельні сталі характеризуються складною ієрархією, отримання якої можливо при піддані сталі прокатному нагріву після прокатки і при використанні легування. Це знижує поріг холодноламкості, збільшує опір сталі крихкому руйнуванню, що обумовлено подрібненням  структури  і  підвищенням  комплексу  механічних  властивостей  сталі. Висновки. У  даній  роботі  проведеноаналіз  поширення  крихкої  тріщини  в  проміжних  структурах. Встановлено  перевагу  сталей  зі  складною  ієрархією  зерна, таких  як:  голчастий  ферит,  малоувуглецевий  рейковий  мартенсит,  що  дозволяє  пригнічувати крихку тріщину  при  її поширенні в тілі структури