Glass half full: drafting fundamental rights during the Turkish constitution-making process (2011-2013)

Fundamental rights and freedoms constitute the majority of agreed articles in the draft constitution produced by the Constitutional Conciliation Commission ‘Anayasa Uzlaşma Komisyonu, AUK’. This chapter analyzes the content of these articles and seeks to explain why the AUK was able to achieve more consensus on these than on other provisions ‘e.g., principles of state organization’. It argues that constitutional borrowing, both horizontal and vertical, served as an inspiration and consensus-achiever in the discussions. The agreed draft text contains provisions that are either constitutional novelties or offer more far-reaching protection than the existing constitutional framework. We particularly emphasize the normative authority the European Convention on Human Rights enjoyed in the deliberations and the role of human dignity as a foundational constitutional norm “borrowed” primarily from the German Basic Law. The chapter concludes that the draft chapter on fundamental rights and freedoms was neither an unequivocal success story nor a complete failure. Nevertheless, the constitution-making process remains a missed opportunity for democracy in Turkey

Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata Essential Oil Assimilation by a selected bacterium and its affect to control of Soil-borne pathogens

During our previous study, a bacteria was identifed as Enterobacter sp. that was grown in a liquid culture containing Thymbra essential oil, glycerine and carvacrol as carbon sources. The bacterium was grown in different liquid shaking culture mediums (LCM) containing the different carbon sources during 10 days. LCMs were extracted, performed and analysed with TLC. The aim of the study was to determine bacterial metabolism, which may be related to products after bacterial biodegradation and their antifungal properties after bioautography with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, which is a nominated destructive and important pathogen in terms of its effect on main crops losses for our regions. An inhibition zone was detected around 0.49, 0.49 and 0.49 Rf values on the sheets, which was assumed as an antifungal property in carried out studies. Furthermore, our investigations showed indole-3-acetic acid production and increase in chitinase activity in culture medium that was used for growth of bacteria. These findings were correlated with assimilation and production of antifungal metabolites produced with bacterial metabolism. IAA production capacity of bacteria was 0,0197 in medium containing carvacrol and 0,0192 mg/mL was in essential oil during 144 hour. However, there was no IAA production and chitinase activity in the mediums containing glycerine, and control groups. These findings can be associated with the biodegradation capacity of bacteria and secondary metabolism produced by bacteria that this property can be used to control of soil-borne pathogens in practice if it is combined with convinient biological control methods