On the system of numeration in Efik

This paper is a response to Olderroge 1984 that Efik does not have a system of number beyond one thousand, since according to the claim, the word for thousand in Efik is tosin, a recent borrowing from English and assimilated phonologically to synchronize with Efik. We dispute this position and argue that Efik can count up to 999,999 internally, and that borrowing is not meant to enrich the internal resourcefulness of the language in this case, but merely for ease of pronunciation. In this paper, we examine the structure of the system of cardinal numbers and the processes of forming complex numbers in Efik. Complex numbers are formed from addition, subtraction or multiplication of the basic units which are 1-5, 10, 15 and 20 or from a combination of addition and multiplication and/or subtraction. Ye is the particle for addition, -suk is the subtraction marker and multiplication is indicated by a zero allomorph. The general pattern of numeration in Efik is iterative. Our assumption is that the analysis of the number system in Efik has some linguistic implications as it triggers certain grammatical phenomena in the language.Cet article est une réponse à Olderroge (1984) qui prétend que la langue éfik ne dispose pas de numéros au-delà de mille, conclusion basée sur le mot tosin (‘mille’), un prêt récent de l’anglais qui est assimilé phonologiquement a l’éfik. Nous disputons cette conclusion et montrons que l’éfik peut compter à 999,999 et que ce prêt de l’anglais est employé pour son aise de prononciation et non pas pour suppléer les ressources internes de la langue. Cet article examine le système en éfik de numéros cardinaux et du procès de former les numéros complexes. Les numéros complexes sont formés par l’addition, la soustraction, ou la multiplication des unités de base qui sont 1 à 5, 10, 15, et 20 et une combinaison d’addition, de soustraction, ou de multiplication. Ye est le particle employé dans l’addition, -suk est le marqueur de la soustraction, et la multiplication est indiquée par un allomorph zéro. Le modèle de numération en éfik est iteratif. Nous concluons que l’analyse du système de numéros en éfik a des implications linguistiques, comme elle débranche certaines phénomènes grammaticaux dans la langue

Strategically Sustaining People\u27s Well-being: The Case of Ghanaian Women and Children

A government’s commitment to an adopted policy may be the first step that symbolizes its genuine intent to ameliorate the living conditions of its people, particularly the relevant and/or beneficial populations for which the policy was formulated. Ghana’s President J. A. Kufuor’s New Patriotic Party government ended decades of debate about improving the conditions of the vulnerable group of women and children by establishing the Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs. This article argues that, in order for the Ghanaian government to sustain efforts to effectively improve the plight of this group, there should be systematic mechanisms that include effective collaboration via sustainable-development, learning-organization, and knowledge-management philosophies. The study provides lessons that have implications for developing economies

Dynamics of Maize Price in Ghana: Linear versus Nonlinear Cobweb Models

This paper intends to study the price dynamics of maize in Ghana using cobweb models derived from linear demand and nonlinear supply function and then compare with that from linear demand and supply functions which are constructed from real economic price and production data of maize. Comparative analysis of stability conditions of the equilibrium was discussed

Evidence on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Ghana: A rapid scoping review

In Ghana, more than four in ten deaths in 2016 resulted from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours are important risk factors for NCDs. No previous systematic reviews examining physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Ghanaians were identified. Therefore, this rapid scoping review was conducted to find and synthesise what is known about the epidemiology of physical activity and sedentary behaviour of children and adults in Ghana. MEDLINE was searched for eligible studies and a narrative synthesis was conducted based on 17 identified papers as well as the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey report. Little recent high-quality data on prevalence of physical activity or sedentary behaviour in Ghana was found. Existing nationally representative data is now more than ten years old. The data identified suggest that the majority of Ghanaian adults, aged 18+ years, are physically active, achieving or exceeding World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations (84.3% according to data collected in 2007-2008). Studies reporting sedentary behaviour in adults further suggest that the majority of Ghanaians are minimally sedentary. The most consistent associations with physical activity were by gender (men achieved more than women), employment (the employed, particularly in skilled manual jobs, achieved more than the unemployed), urban or rural residence (rural inhabitants achieved more than urban inhabitants) and socio-economic status (lower physical activity with increasing socio-economic status). Meanwhile, the few existing studies of physical activity in children (all of which investigated children aged 12+ years) suggest that the proportion of children achieving WHO recommendations on physical activity may be lower than for adults. A similar gender trend exists for children as in the adult data, with boys achieving more physical activity than girls. Physical activity is accrued most frequently through active travel, and active occupations, while leisure time physical activity is low. This means that the Ghanaian population may be vulnerable to becoming increasingly inactive as work and travel become more frequently mechanised and sedentary.&nbsp

Evidence on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in Ghana: A rapid scoping review

In Ghana, more than four in ten deaths in 2016 resulted from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours are important risk factors for NCDs. No previous systematic reviews examining physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Ghanaians were identified. Therefore, this rapid scoping review was conducted to find and synthesise what is known about the epidemiology of physical activity and sedentary behaviour of children and adults in Ghana. MEDLINE was searched for eligible studies and a narrative synthesis was conducted based on 17 identified papers as well as the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey report. Little recent high-quality data on prevalence of physical activity or sedentary behaviour in Ghana was found. Existing nationally representative data is now more than ten years old. The data identified suggest that the majority of Ghanaian adults, aged 18+ years, are physically active, achieving or exceeding World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations (84.3% according to data collected in 2007-2008). Studies reporting sedentary behaviour in adults further suggest that the majority of Ghanaians are minimally sedentary. The most consistent associations with physical activity were by gender (men achieved more than women), employment (the employed, particularly in skilled manual jobs, achieved more than the unemployed), urban or rural residence (rural inhabitants achieved more than urban inhabitants) and socio-economic status (lower physical activity with increasing socio-economic status). Meanwhile, the few existing studies of physical activity in children (all of which investigated children aged 12+ years) suggest that the proportion of children achieving WHO recommendations on physical activity may be lower than for adults. A similar gender trend exists for children as in the adult data, with boys achieving more physical activity than girls. Physical activity is accrued most frequently through active travel, and active occupations, while leisure time physical activity is low. This means that the Ghanaian population may be vulnerable to becoming increasingly inactive as work and travel become more frequently mechanised and sedentary

Investigating Factors Contributing to Sales Force Motivation in the Insurance Companies in the Central Region of Ghana

This study examined motivation factors that contributes to sales force motivation of independent insurance sales force in the Central Region. The descriptive survey design was used for the research. The census sampling method was employed and data was obtained through self-administered questionnaires to 146 independent sales force of insurance companies in the Central region with regional office in Cape Coast.  Correlation and multiple regression techniques were used to examine the relationships between motivation factors such as recognition, opportunity for promotion, job security, job satisfaction, role clarity and organizational work settings and sales force motivation. The results revealed a strong positive relationship between recognition, opportunity for promotion, job security, role clarity, organization work settings and motivation.  The results further revealed that job security was as the most significant factor, followed by opportunity for promotion and recognition respectively and, finally, role clarity. It is, therefore, recommended that sales managers should identify and design appropriate motivational packages to suit the special working needs of all sales force. Keywords: Insurance companies, job security, motivation, recognition, role clarity, sales forc

The Limnological Status of an Old Intermitent Pond during the Wet Season in Ekpoma, Southern Nigeria

The limnological status of an intermitent borrow pit pond in Ekpoma, EdoState of Nigeria was studied between June and September 2005 (wet season). In situ measurements of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity,transparency and total dissolved solids (TDS) were recorded together withthe dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), totalsuspended solids (TSS), primary productivity and the phytoplankton species composition for the pond water. The study revealed that the pond was slightly alkaline (pH 7.9 – 8.4) and fresh with low electrical conductivities of 91.8 – 114.1ìS/cm and TDS of 46.4 – 57.2mg/l. Water temperature ranged from 26.0 – 32.10C and the pond was well oxygenated (DO values = 6.0 – 9.23mg/l) but slightly polluted with high BOD5 values (4.33 – 7.43mg/l) and highly turbid (TSS = 13.4 – 20.0mg/l). The high TSS was associated with run-offs and allochthonous inputs from the surrounding environment. The Gross Primary Productivity was low and ranged from 2.47 – 6.60mgO2/m3/day while the respiratory activities ranged from 1.8 – 5.23mgO2/m3/day. The distribution of phytoplankton was irregular but characterized by high densities and species diversity. The phytoplankton population was dominated by the Bacillariophyceae. These attributes are typical of an intermitent pond.Key words: Limnological status, intermittent pond, physicochemistry,phytoplankton, productivity

Hydrology of the major water sources of Lake Bosomtwe in Ghana

The paper seeks to identify the major inflows of Lake Bosomtwe, the meteoritic lake sited in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It seeks to establish major annual flows as against the lake evaporation in an attempt to establish the water balance of the lake with a view to understanding the factors that are critical to the sustainability of the lake. The average annual rainfall observed in the catchment was estimated to be 350 mm. This is far lower than the average long-term rainfall recorded in the area, of 1,565.9 mm for the period 1950-1971 or that of 1,263.4 mm for the period 1971 to 1991. Even though there appears to be a decline in the two periods, indicating reduction in rainfall amounts with time, the recorded rainfall is not representative. Based on the recorded rainfall and stream flow data, an estimated annual inflow of 0.14027 km3 was derived, with the major inflows being direct rainfall onto the lake surface (99.81%), Nana Abrewa stream (0.15%), Abono bɔ stream (0.04%) and Atafram stream (0.00% insignificant). In view of the reduced flows as a result of lower rainfalls, it is prudent to both conserve and adapt measures to ensure the lake is sustainably managed

Fair Values: A Framework For Teaching The Standards On Accounting For Financial Instruments

This paper presents a conceptual framework for an integration of financial reporting objectives and principles related to financial instruments.  We believe this integrated approach to be a superior strategy for discussing this diverse and challenging topic.  In our experience, the typical piecemeal coverage of individual instruments scattered in financial accounting texts and other literature is not effective in providing students with a critical appreciation of the evolution in financial reporting requirements in this area. Our approach in this paper is to classify financial instruments into groups according to their special characteristics as a basis for understanding their relevant financial reporting attributes.  Within this conceptual framework, we then present a synthesis of reporting objectives and existing FASB pronouncements on financial instruments.  Using this framework as a roadmap, students should be able to study current and emerging pronouncements in a conceptually organized and integrated fashion.