Cholangiocarcinoma in Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography and Fascioliasis in Endoscopic Ultrasonography

Fascioliasis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The zoonoses are particularly endemic in sheep-raising countries and are also endemic in Iran. Typical symptoms that may be associated with fascioliasis can be divided by phases of the disease, including the acute or liver phase, the chronic or biliary phase, and ectopic or pharyngeal fascioliasis. Cholestatic symptoms may be absent, and in some cases diagnosis and treatment may be preceded by a long period of abdominal pain, eosinophilia and vague gastrointestinal symptoms. We report a case with epigastric and upper quadrant abdominal pain for the last 4 years, with imaging suggesting cholangiocarcinoma. Considering a new concept of endoscopic ultrasonography, at last F. hepatica was extracted with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography

Integration of Solexa sequences on an ultradense genetic map in Brassica rapa L.

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) is commonly used to construct high density genetic maps, map genes and QTL of important agronomic traits in crops and perform genetic diversity analysis without knowing sequence information. To combine next generation sequencing technology with SRAP, Illumina's Solexa sequencing was used to sequence tagged SRAP PCR products.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three sets of SRAP primers and three sets of tagging primers were used in 77,568 SRAP PCR reactions and the same number of tagging PCR reactions respectively to produce a pooled sample for Illumina's Solexa sequencing. After sequencing, 1.28 GB of sequence with over 13 million paired-end sequences was obtained and used to match Solexa sequences with their corresponding SRAP markers and to integrate Solexa sequences on an ultradense genetic map. The ultradense genetic bin map with 465 bins was constructed using a recombinant inbred (RI) line mapping population in <it>B. rapa</it>. For this ultradense genetic bin map, 9,177 SRAP markers, 1,737 integrated unique Solexa paired-end sequences and 46 SSR markers representing 10,960 independent genetic loci were assembled and 141 unique Solexa paired-end sequences were matched with their corresponding SRAP markers. The genetic map in <it>B. rapa </it>was aligned with the previous ultradense genetic map in <it>B. napus </it>through common SRAP markers in these two species. Additionally, SSR markers were used to perform alignment of the current genetic map with other five genetic maps in <it>B. rapa </it>and <it>B. napus</it>.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We used SRAP to construct an ultradense genetic map with 10,960 independent genetic loci in <it>B. rapa </it>that is the most saturated genetic map ever constructed in this species. Using next generation sequencing, we integrated 1,878 Solexa sequences on the genetic map. These integrated sequences will be used to assemble the scaffolds in the <it>B. rapa </it>genome. Additionally, this genetic map may be used for gene cloning and marker development in <it>B. rapa </it>and <it>B. napus</it>.</p

The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy in an east Anatolian province, Turkey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anemia is considered a severe public health problem by World Health Organization when anemia prevalence is equal to or greater than 40% in the population. The purpose of this study was to determine the anemia prevalence with the associated factors in pregnant women and to determine the serum iron, folate and B12 vitamin status in anaemic pregnants in Malatya province.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a cross-sectional survey. A multi-sage stratified probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology was used. A total of 823 pregnant women from sixty clusters were studied. Women were administered a questionnaire related with the subject and blood samples were drawn. Total blood count was performed within four hours and serum iron, folate and B12 vitamin were studied after storing sera at -20 C for six months.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Anemia prevalence was 27.1% (Hb < 11.0 gr/dl). Having four or more living children (OR = 2.2), being at the third trimester (OR = 2.3) and having a low family income (OR = 1.6) were determined as the independent predictors of anemia in pregnancy. Anemia was also associated with soil eating (PICA) in the univariate analysis (p < 0.05). Of anaemic women, 50.0% had a transferrin saturation less than 10% indicating iron deficiency, 34.5% were deficient in B12 vitamin and 71.7% were deficient in folate. Most of the anemias were normocytic-normochromic (56.5%) indicating mixed anemia.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In Malatya, for pregnant women anemia was a moderate public health problem. Coexisting of iron, folate and B vitamin deficiencies was observed among anaemics. To continue anemia control strategies with reasonable care and diligence was recommended.</p

The epidemiology and factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among boarding and daytime school children in southeast of Turkey: a cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nocturnal enuresis is an important problem among young children living in Turkey. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible differences in the prevalence of enuresis between children in boarding school and daytime school and the association of enuresis with sociodemographic factors.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This was a cross-sectional survey. A total of 562 self-administered questionnaires were distrubuted to parents from two different types of schools. One of them was a day-time school and the other was a boarding school. To describe enuresis the ICD-10 definition of at least one wet night per month for three consecutive months was used. Chi-square test and a logistic regression model was used to identify significant predictive factors for enuresis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 14.9%. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis declined with age. Of the 6 year old children 33.3% still wetted their beds, while the ratio was 2.6% for 15 years-olds. There was no significant difference in prevalence of nocturnal enuresis between boys and girls (14.3% versus 16. 8%). Enuresis was reported as 18.5% among children attending day time school and among those 11.5% attending boarding school (p < 0.05). Prevalence of enuresis was increased in children living in villages, with low income and with positive family history (p < 0.05). After multivariate analysis, history of urinary tract infection (OR = 2.02), age (OR = 1.28), low monthly income (OR = 2.86) and family history of enuresis (OR = 3.64) were factors associated with enuresis. 46.4% of parents and 57.1% of enuretic children were significantly concerned about the impact of enuresis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Enuresis was more frequent among children attending daytime school when compared to boarding school. Our findings suggest that nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among school children, especially with low income, smaller age, family history of enuresis and history of urinary tract infection. Enuresis is a pediatric public health problem and efforts at all levels should be made such as preventive, etiological and curative.</p

Organelle DNA Diversity among Buffalograsses from the Great Plains of North America Determined by cpDNA and mtDNA RFLPs

Buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] is a perennial, warm-season turfgrass that is native to the shortgrass prairie of North America. It offers potential benefits as a turfgrass because of its drought resistance, low incidence of pest problems, and relatively low nutrient requirements. This study was initiated to evaluate the level of organelle DNA diversity among buffalograss genotypes and to determine the mode of inheritance of the chloroplast organelle by cpDNA and mtDNA PCR-RFLPs. The 56 genotypes studied included diploids, triploid, tetraploids, pentaploids, and hexaploids. These genotypes represented 273 buffalograsses collected during 1994 and 1995 from diverse locations in the North American Great Plains. Six cpDNA and three mtDNA noncoding regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, using universal chloroplast and mitochondrial primer pairs. Each amplified fragment was digested with two to six different restriction enzymes. On the basis of the use of cpDNA primers, psbC-trnS, and restriction enzyme HaeIII, cpDNA was determined to be maternally inherited in buffalograss. Of the 225 scored fragments, 189 were polymorphic (84%), which included the outgroups, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. Ex Steud.]. Similarities among all genotypes ranged from 0.41 to 1.0, with a mean of 0.70. The UPGMA-generated dendrogram clustered all buffalograsses together with the similarity value of 0.95. Out of the 56 genotypes studied, nine (16%) were discriminated from the other buffalograsses. The remaining 47 genotypes did not differ for cpDNA and mtDNA PCR-RFLPs even though they represented diverse geographic origins and five ploidy levels. These results suggest that low levels of organelle DNA PCR-RFLP are present in naturally occurring buffalograss populations

RESPONSE OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS TO DIFFERENT SALINITY LEVELS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITES

ABSTRACT Citrus is the most produced fruit crop and often constrained by salinity due to their geographic distribution. We investigated morphological and antioxidave enzyme responses of six different citrus rootstocks under various NaCl concentrations, including Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Tan.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana Tan &amp; Pasq.), Carrizo citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. X C. sinensis L. Osbeck) and trifoliata orange (P. trifoliata Raf.). Morphological and antioxidative enzyme responses of plants grown in hydroponic media containing 0, 45, 90 and 135 mM of NaCl were assessed at day 10, 20, 30, and 40. The highest shoot growth was observed in Cleopatra mandarin whereas trifoliata orange had the lowest shoot growth. Carrizo citrange showed the lowest visible leaf symptoms among the rootstocks and rough lemon produced the highest level of root biomass. A rootstock x NaCl dose x exposure time interaction was detected for enzymatic responses. In general, ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC: 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (GP; EC: 1.11.1.7) activity in the rootstocks increased with the elevated salt level. Superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC: 1.15.1.1) activity was lowered in leaves of the rootstocks subjected to higher NaCl concentrations. In conclusion, this study indicated complexity of salt tolerance mechanism probably due to complex genetic make-up of the citrus rootstocks used and importance of APX and GP in salt tolerance of Citrus