88 research outputs found

    Less Finance, Less Inequality? Ten Years After the Crisis

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    Drawing on his research on the structure of remuneration in the financial industry and on a collective project underway studying the evolution of inequalities in ten countries, Olivier Godechot, CNRS Senior researcher, codirector of the MaxPo, shows that the decline in financial activity following the crisis and the regulation of the sector did not necessarily reduce remuneration in finance and, consequently, the level of national wage inequality

    Should We Clash or Should I Go? The Impact of Low Wage and Bad Working Conditions on the Exit–Voice Trade-off

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    Although Hirschman’s exit–voice theoretical model has been applied to labor markets, research up to now has not tested one of its most important features: the impact of job quality on exit–voice strategies. Hirschman’s model of consumer behavior explains that those individuals unsatisfied with a product’s quality are more likely to “voice,” whereas those more concerned with its price are more likely to “exit.” A rationale for this tradeoff is based on information: first, information on the price of alternative options is much more accessible than information on quality; second, voice produces more information than exit and favors opportunities for specific improvements. We transpose Hirschman’s assumptions to labor markets and use the French SalSa survey and DADS, declaration by employers on social data, to examine the conditions under which French employees are more likely to exit, and the conditions under which they are more likely to voice. Our results support the Hirschmanian hypothesis. A deterioration by one unit in our working-conditions index increases the probability of participation in collective action by 5 percentage points. An increase in log hourly wage by one unit decreases the probability of quitting by 5 percentage points.Introduction Previous research Theoretical background Workers coping with bad working conditions Workers coping with low pay Data and method Data Strategy variables Bad quality of work Pay Other control variables Results Bad quality and strategies Pay and strategy Strategy and improvements Discussion and conclusion References Appendi

    Plus de finance, plus d’inĂ©galitĂ©s!

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    [Critique de livre] Tous collectionneurs! Luc Boltanski, Arnaud Esquerre: Enrichissement: Une critique de la marchandise (Paris: Gallimard, 2017)

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    Luc Boltanksi et Arnaud Esquerre invitent Ă  repenser les mĂ©canismes sociaux de production de la valeur et soulignent l’importance du fait de constituer des collections dans la dynamique des inĂ©galitĂ©s qui caractĂ©rise nos sociĂ©tĂ©s. En s’interrogeant sur les formes et enjeux de la marchandisation et de la formation des prix dans nos sociĂ©tĂ©s, ils montrent que l’insertion dans une collection enrichit un bien

    Ups and Downs in Finance, Ups without Downs in Inequality

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    The upswing in finance over the past several decades has led to rising inequality, but do downswings in finance lead to a symmetric decline in inequality? In this paper, we analyze the asymmetry of the effect of ups and downs in financial markets, as well as the effect of increased capital requirements and the bonus cap on national earnings in- equality. We use administrative employer–employee linked data on earnings from 1990 to 2017 for twelve countries. Additionally, we use data on earnings from bank reports, from 2009 to 2017 in thirteen European countries. We find a strong asymmetry in the effects of financial ups and downs on earnings inequality, a mitigating effect of rising capital requirements on the contribution of finance to inequality, and a restructuring ef- fect of the bonus cap for the earnings of financiers, while neither policy affects absolute levels of earnings inequality.La hausse de la finance au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies a entraĂźnĂ© une hausse des inĂ©galitĂ©s, mais les ralentissements de la finance entraĂźnent-ils une baisse symĂ©trique des inĂ©galitĂ©s? Dans cet article, nous examinons l'asymĂ©trie de l'effet des hausses et des ralentissements des marchĂ©s financiers, ainsi que l'effet de l'augmentation des exi- gences en matiĂšre de capital et du plafonnement des primes sur l'inĂ©galitĂ© des salaires nationaux. Nous utilisons des donnĂ©es administratives couplĂ©es employeur-employĂ© sur les salaires de 1990 Ă  2017 pour douze pays. De plus, nous employons des donnĂ©es sur les salaires provenant des rapports bancaires, de 2009 Ă  2017, dans 13 pays euro- pĂ©ens. Nous constatons une forte asymĂ©trie dans les effets des hausses et des ralentis- sements financiĂšres sur l'inĂ©galitĂ© des salaires, un effet de mitigation de l'augmentation des exigences de capitalisation sur la contribution de la finance Ă  l'inĂ©galitĂ©, et un effet de restructuration du plafonnement des primes pour les salaires des financiers, alors qu'aucune des deux mesures n'affecte les niveaux absolus d'inĂ©galitĂ© des salaires.iv MaxPo Discussion Paper 21/2 1 Introduction 2 Data Administrative employer–employee linked data World Bank GFDD database European bank reports 3 The contribution of financiers’ earnings to inequality and its asymmetry in upswings and downswings Less finance, less inequality? The asymmetry of the redistribution of earnings through financialization 4 Finance, regulation, and inequality Capital requirements and inequality The bonus cap 5 Conclusion Appendices A1 Data description A2 Supplementary tables and figures Reference

    French political science at a turning point

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    This paper outlines the origins and institutionalization process of French political science since 1945. It sketches the present state of the discipline, and it analyses recent trends that appear almost as a form of ‘de-institutionalization’. Overall, the discipline is quite well entrenched and is independent in terms of recruitment with its own teaching and research branches. However, political scientists suffer from a relative lack of visibility in the public space in comparison with their colleagues from more prominent disciplines. In many fields French political science remains invisible at the international level, though this may change considerably in the years to come. The main element of uncertainty comes from the ongoing reforms, the redefinition of the partnership between universities, the Instituts d'Etudes Politiques and the CNRS, and the way the autonomy of universities will be implemented

    The Great Separation: Top Earner Segregation at Work in High-Income Countries

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    Analyzing linked employer-employee panel administrative databases, we study the evolving isolation of higher earners from other employees in eleven countries: Canada, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Norway, Spain, South Korea, and Sweden. We find in almost all countries a growing workplace isolation of top earners and dramatically declining exposure of top earners to bottom earners. We compare these trends to segregation based on occupational class, education, age, gender, and nativity, finding that the rise in top earner isolation is much more dramatic and general across countries. We find that residential segregation is also growing, although more slowly than segregation at work, with top earners and bottom earners increasingly living in different distinct municipalities. While work and residential segregation are correlated, statistical modeling suggests that the primary causal effect is from work to residential segregation. These findings open up a future research program on the causes and consequences of top earner segregation.En nous appuyant sur des donnĂ©es administratives longitudinales employeur–employĂ©s, nous analysons l’évolution de la sĂ©grĂ©gation sociale des salariĂ©s Ă  hauts salaires dans onze pays: Allemagne, Canada, CorĂ©e du Sud, Danemark, Espagne, France, Hongrie, Japon, NorvĂšge, RĂ©publique tchĂšque et SuĂšde. Nous constatons dans presque tous les pays une forte augmentation de l’entre soi des salariĂ©s bien payĂ©s sur le lieu de travail et une diminution spectaculaire de leur exposition aux bas salaires. Nous comparons ces tendances Ă  l’évolution de la sĂ©grĂ©gation fondĂ©e sur la catĂ©gorie sociale, l’éducation, l’ñge, le sexe et le statut migratoire, et nous constatons que l’augmentation de l’entre soi des hauts salaires est celle qui est la plus prononcĂ©e et la plus gĂ©nĂ©rale. Nous montrons que la sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle se dĂ©veloppe aussi, bien que plus lentement que la sĂ©grĂ©gation au travail, avec les hauts et les bas salaires vivant de plus en plus dans des municipalitĂ©s distinctes. SĂ©grĂ©gation au travail et sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle sont corrĂ©lĂ©es. Mais nos modĂšles statistiques suggĂšrent aussi que la principale relation de causalitĂ© va de la sĂ©grĂ©gation au travail vers la sĂ©grĂ©gation rĂ©sidentielle. Ces rĂ©sultats ouvrent la voie Ă  un futur programme de recherche sur les causes et les consĂ©quences de la sĂ©grĂ©gation des hauts salaires.1 Introduction 2 From ethnic residential segregation to earnings segregation at work 3 Administrative data for estimating exposure measures 4 A strong increase in earnings segregation at work 5 A robust trend 17 French robustness tests 6 A specific trend 7 The link between work and residential segregation 8 Elements for a research program on the causes and consequences of increasing segregation at work The roots of growing earnings segregation at work The consequences of growing earnings segregation at work Appendices A1 Data sources and sample definition A2 Demonstration of the symmetry of relative exposure gRh = hRg A3 Figure construction A4 French robustness checks Supplementary figures and tables Reference

    Variétés de financiarisation et accroissement des inégalités

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    Nous Ă©tudions l’impact de la financiarisation sur la montĂ©e des inĂ©galitĂ©s au sein de dix-huit pays de l’OCDE de 1970 Ă  2011 et nous mesurons les rĂŽles respectifs de diverses formes de financiarisation : la croissance du secteur financier, la croissance de l’un de ses sous-composants, les marchĂ©s financiers, la financiarisation des entreprises non financiĂšres et celle des mĂ©nages. Nous testons ces impacts grĂące Ă  des modĂšles de rĂ©gression de panel Ă  effets fixes sur donnĂ©es agrĂ©gĂ©es au niveau national. Nous utilisons comme variables dĂ©pendantes l’indice de Gini de la base SWIID, les mesures d’inĂ©galitĂ© interdĂ©ciles de l’OCDE et les parts des revenus touchĂ©es par les fractions les mieux rĂ©munĂ©rĂ©es grĂące Ă  la World Top Income Database. Nous montrons d’abord que la part du secteur de la finance dans le PIB est un moteur important de l’inĂ©galitĂ© dans le monde, qui explique de 20 % Ă  40 % de son accroissement entre 1980 et 2007. Lorsque nous dĂ©composons cet effet du secteur financier, nous constatons que cette Ă©volution est principalement tirĂ©e par l’augmentation du volume des transactions boursiĂšres et par le montant des actions dĂ©tenues Ă  l’actif du bilan des banques. Au contraire, la financiarisation des entreprises non financiĂšres et celle des mĂ©nages ne jouent pas un rĂŽle important. Sur la base de ce test d’inĂ©galitĂ©, nous interprĂ©tons donc la financiarisation comme Ă©tant essentiellement un phĂ©nomĂšne de marchĂ©isation, dĂ©fini comme la croissance de l’activitĂ© sociale consacrĂ©e au commerce des titres sur les marchĂ©s financiers.We study the impact of financialization on the rise in inequality in 18 OECD countries from 1970 to 2011 and we measure the respective roles of various forms of financialization : the growth of the financial sector, the growth of one of its subcomponent, the financial markets, the financialization of non-financial firms and that of households. We test these impacts thanks to cross country panel regressions in OECD countries. As dependent measures we use both Solt’s [2009] Gini index, World Top Income Database, and OECD inter-deciles inequality measures. We show first that the share of finance sector within the GDP is a substantial driver of world inequality, explaining from 20 % to 40 % of its increase from 1980 to 2007. When we decompose this financial sector effect, we find that this evolution was mainly driven by the increase in the volume of transactions in national stock-exchanges and by the volume of shares held as assets in banks’ balance sheet. On the contrary, financialization of non financial firms and of households does not play a substantial role. Based on this inequality test, we therefore interpret financialization as being mainly a phenomenon of marketization, redefined as the growing amount of social energy devoted to the trade of financial instruments on financial markets

    Le salaire dépend-il du sexe du supérieur ?

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    Les supĂ©rieurs femmes promeuvent-elles une plus grande Ă©galitĂ© salariale entre hommes et femmes ? Par ailleurs, mĂȘme si elles voulaient promouvoir plus d’égalitĂ©, elles pourraient manquer de pouvoir, non seulement pour mettre en oeuvre cette politique mais aussi pour amĂ©liorer les salaires de l’ensemble de leurs subordonnĂ©s hommes comme femmes. En nous fondant sur l’enquĂȘte SalSa et l’enquĂȘte COI, nous montrons que les supĂ©rieurs femmes semblent effectivement rĂ©duire le diffĂ©rentiel de salaire homme–femme. Cette position est toutefois associĂ©e Ă  des salaires plus faibles pour leurs subordonnĂ©s. Cette situation peut ĂȘtre liĂ©e Ă  des biais de sĂ©lection : les femmes deviendraient plus facilement des supĂ©rieures dans des secteurs, des mĂ©tiers, des services moins valorisĂ©s, oĂč les salaires sont plus faibles. MĂȘme en multipliant les contrĂŽles des effets de sĂ©lection mesurables, les salariĂ©s qui ont un supĂ©rieur femme touchent 2,5 Ă  4 % de moins que ceux qui ont un supĂ©rieur homme. En revanche, mĂȘme si le phĂ©nomĂšne demande encore plus ample confirmation, cet Ă©cart en fonction du sexe du supĂ©rieur semble plus important lorsque le salariĂ© est un homme (–5 Ă  –10 %) que lorsqu’il est une femme (0 % Ă  –3 %). Sous l’encadrement d’une femme, les Ă©carts hommes–femmes seraient donc sensiblement rĂ©duits : de 30 % Ă  85 %. L’interprĂ©tation de ce phĂ©nomĂšne n’en est encore qu’à ses dĂ©buts. Quatre pistes sont proposĂ©es : des diffĂ©rences inobservĂ©es entre les positions d’encadrement masculines et fĂ©minines, l’impact Ă  position hiĂ©rarchique identique de caractĂ©ristiques individuelles corrĂ©lĂ©es au sexe du supĂ©rieur, la diffĂ©rence de disposition des hommes et des femmes vis-Ă vis de la nĂ©gociation et de la compĂ©tition, et enfin un comportement discriminatoire des entreprises Ă  l’égard des demandes des femmes.Do female supervisors promote greater wage equality between men and women? Although female supervisors might want to promote greater equality, might they also lack power, not only to implement this policy, but also to improve the wages of both male and female subordinates? Based on the SalSa and COI surveys, we show that female supervisors do seem to reduce the wage gap between men and women. However, the subordinates of female supervisors also receive lower wages. This phenomenon could be related to selection bias : women become supervisors more easily in sectors, jobs, and departments that are less valued and where wages are lower. Even when adding controls for measurable selection effects, employees with a female supervisor earn 2.5 % to 4 % less than those with a male supervisor. Although the phenomenon still needs additional confirmation, the wage gap between women and men does seem wider when employees are men (–5 % to –10 %) than when they are women (0 % to –3 %). When the supervisor is a woman, the gender gap significantly reduces: from 30 % to 85 %. Interpreting this phenomenon is still in its infancy. We put forward four lines of interpretation: the unobserved differences between male and female managerial positions; the effect of individual characteristics correlated with the supervisor’s gender; differences between male and female dispositions to negotiation and competition; and, finally, discriminatory corporate behavior towards female demands.Hommes et femmes supĂ©rieurs : un management diffĂ©rent ? Des salaires plus importants sous la supervision d’un homme, des Ă©carts hommes–femmes rĂ©duits sous celle d’une femme ÉlĂ©ments de contrĂŽle de l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© inobservĂ©e Des marques manifestes de sĂ©grĂ©gation La robustesse de l’impact rĂ©siduel du sexe du supĂ©rieur ÉlĂ©ments d’interprĂ©tation : caractĂ©ristiques individuelles corrĂ©lĂ©es, dispositions, discriminations Bibliographie Annex
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