High-Temperature Water-Gas Shift Membrane Reactor Study

NETL’s Office of Research and Development is exploring the integration of membrane reactors into coal gasification plants as a way of increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Water-Gas Shift Reaction experiments were conducted in membrane reactors at conditions similar to those encountered at the outlet of a coal gasifier. The changes in reactant conversion and product selectivity due to the removal of hydrogen via the membrane reactor were quantified. Research was conducted to determine the influence of residence time and H2S on CO conversion in both Pd and Pd80wt%Cu membrane reactors. Effects of the hydrogen sulfide-to-hydrogen ratio on palladium and a palladium-copper alloy at high-temperature were also investigated. These results were compared to thermodynamic calculations for the stability of palladium sulfides

Viscosity Measurements of Two Potential Deepwater Viscosity Standard Reference Fluids at High Temperature and High Pressure

This paper reports high-pressure viscosity measurements for Krytox GPL 102 lot K2391 and tris­(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM). These two viscous liquids have recently been suggested as potential deepwater viscosity standard (DVS) reference fluids for high temperature, high pressure viscosity studies associated with oil production from ultradeep formations beneath the deepwaters of the Gulf of Mexico. The measurements are performed using a windowed, variable-volume, rolling-ball viscometer at pressures between 7 and 242 MPa and temperatures between 314 and 527 K with an expanded uncertainty of 3% at a 95% confidence level. The viscosity results are correlated using an empirical temperature/pressure-dependent function and a modified Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) Equation. The present viscosity data for TOTM and Krytox GPL 102 lot K2391 are in good agreement with the available reported data in the literature at lower temperatures and pressures. The viscosity values of TOTM and Krytox GPL 102 lot K2391 are 9.5 mPa·s and 25 mPa·s, respectively, at 473 K and 200 MPa, whereas the desired DVS viscosity value at this condition is 20 mPa·s. Although the viscosity of Krytox GPL 102 lot K2391 is closer to the targeted value, a comparison of the present viscosity results with data obtained for lot K1537 indicates a very large lot-to-lot variation of the viscosity for this polydisperse perfluoropolyether oil, which represents a significant deficiency for a DVS

Effect of Isomeric Structures of Branched Cyclic Hydrocarbons on Densities and Equation of State Predictions at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures

The <i>cis</i> and <i>trans</i> conformation of a branched cyclic hydrocarbon affects the packing and, hence, the density, exhibited by that compound. Reported here are density data for branched cyclohexane (C6) compounds including methylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane (ethylcC6), <i>cis</i>-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (<i>cis</i>-1,2), <i>cis</i>-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane (<i>cis</i>-1,4), and <i>trans</i>-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane (<i>trans</i>-1,4) determined at temperatures up to 525 K and pressures up to 275 MPa. Of the four branched C6 isomers, <i>cis</i>-1,2 exhibits the largest densities and the smallest densities are exhibited by <i>trans</i>-1,4. The densities are modeled with the Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS), the high-temperature, high-pressure, volume-translated (HTHP VT) PREoS, and the perturbed chain, statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) EoS. Model calculations highlight the capability of these equations to account for the different densities observed for the four isomers investigated in this study. The HTHP VT-PREoS provides modest improvements over the PREoS, but neither cubic EoS is capable of accounting for the effect of isomer structural differences on the observed densities. The PC-SAFT EoS, with pure component parameters from the literature or from a group contribution method, provides improved density predictions relative to those obtained with the PREoS or HTHP VT-PREoS. However, the PC-SAFT EoS, with either set of parameters, also cannot fully account for the effect of the C6 isomer structure on the resultant density

High-Temperature, High-Pressure Volumetric Properties of Propane, Squalane, and Their Mixtures: Measurement and PC-SAFT Modeling

This study reports the high-temperature, high-pressure density data for propane, squalane, and their binary mixtures for five compositions at temperatures to 520 K and pressures to 260 MPa. The density measurements are obtained with a floating-piston, variable-volume, high-pressure view cell. From the density data, the isothermal and isobaric excess molar volumes upon mixing are computed. For the mixture compositions studied here, the excess volume is mostly negative, showing a minimum at 0.6550 mole fraction of propane and becomes less negative as the propane concentration increases. The perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EoS) provides good representation for the experimental data. A mean absolute percent deviation (δ) of 1.4% is obtained with the PC-SAFT EoS when using propane and squalane pure component parameters fit to density data at high-temperature, high-pressure conditions

In pursuit of a high temperature, high pressure, high viscosity standard: the case of TOTM!

Excel file for the viscosity and density calculation for Tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TOTM), CAS 3319-31-1, a liquid being proposed as a high viscosity at high pressure and high temperature industry standard fluid.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio

In pursuit of a high-temperature, high-pressure, high-viscosity standard: the case of Tris(2-ethylhexyl) Trimellitate

This paper presents a reference correlation for the-viscosity of tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate designed to serve in industrial applications for the calibration of viscometers at elevated temperatures and pressures such as those encountered in the exploration of oil reservoirs and in lubrication. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate has been examined with respect to the criteria necessary for an industrial standard reference material such as toxicity, thermal stability, and variability among manufactured lots. The viscosity correlation has been based upon all of the data collected in a multinational project and is supported by careful measurements and analysis of all the supporting thermophysical property data that are needed to apply the standard for calibration to a wide variety of viscometers. The standard reference viscosity data cover temperatures from 303 to 473 K, pressures from 0.1 to 200 MPa, and viscosities from approximately 1.6 to 755 mPa s. The uncertainty in the data provided is of the order of 3.2% at 95% confidence level, which is thought to be adequate for most industrial applications.This work has been conducted under the guidance of the International Association for Transport Properties (IATP; http://transp.cheng.auth.gr/index.php/iatp/terms). The work described in this paper was carried out under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) within the framework of the Project 2012-051-1-100. This work was supported by the strategic project PEst-OE/QUI/UI0100/ 2013 funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), ̂Portugal. The authors are grateful to Ana Dias research technician fellowship at the Node IST at CQE of the Portuguese Mass Spectrometry Network, project REM2013 funded by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal. ̂M.J.P.C. and J.F. acknowledge the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the FEDER program through the ENE2014-55489-C2-1-R project as well as of Xunta de Galicia through the EM2013/031 and GRC ED431C 2016/001 Projects. J.F. and M.J.P.C. acknowledge the assistance of J. M. Liñeira del Rio and M. J. G. Guimarey for the viscosity measurements.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio