Notes to the profile of modern student

Мировоззрение студентов, их ценности меняются в зависимости от социально-экономических условий, которые в свою очередь подвержены историческим изменениям. В статье описаны особенности ценностных ориентаций, профессиональной самооценки современного студента, выпускника. Полученные результаты могут служить отправной точкой для проектирования образовательной среды внутри образовательной организации.Students’ world-view and values change depending on socioeconomic conditions, which are influenced by some historical changes. The article shows peculiarities of value orientations, professional self-appraisal of modern graduate. The results of this research may be used as a starting point for projecting of educational environment inside educational organization

Analysis of the physical fitness of students in accordance with the norms of the All-Russian sports complex «Ready for labor and defense» with regard to somatic type

Objective: to detect the relationship between body types (somatotype) and successful passing of the standards of «Ready for Labor and Defense-2014» in students-boys of 18-20 years old. Materials and methods: the study involved 82 male students. The method of somatotyping by Dorokhov RN, Petrukhina VG (1989) was used to determine the body types. The overall and component level of variation was defined. We used the results of passing the test standards and compared them with data on the implementation of the norms of GTO in some types of tests: 100-meters race, 3000-meters race, pulling out from suspension on high bar, standing long jump using double-legged take-off. Results: the muscle mass dominates in all somatic groups, which corresponds to macromuscular type (0,509-0,799). The representatives of microsomatiс type have the highest results - 0.7. When comparing the results of tests of «pulling out from suspension on high bar» with the standards of GTO 2014 6 stage, the best results were found in microsomes group: 90.5% of the subjects completed the specification and received the gold badge, 4.8% of the subjects received the bronze badge, 4.8% of the subjects failed tasks. In mesosomes group only 60% of the subjects fulfilled the standard of «pulling-up» and received the gold badge, 33.33% of the subjects received the silver badge, 6.67% of the subjects did not fulfill the norm. While analyzing the results of «standing long jump using double-legged take-off» more successful results were obtained in the MaC group: 46.67% received the gold badge, 33.33% received the silver badge, 16.67% received the bronze badge, 3.33% did not fulfill the norm. Conclusions: assessing the anthropometric and functional parameters of the organism of students, it is necessary to consider not only the average age range, but also pay attention to the constitutional-typological features

Fatigue variation of surface properties of silumin subjected to electron-beam treatment

The analysis of structure-phase states modification of silumin subjected to electron beam treatment with the following fatigue loading up to the failure is carried out by methods of transmission electron diffraction microscopy. The tribology and strength properties of silumin surface after electron beam treatment and fatigue tests are studied and hardness decrease, wear coefficient and friction coefficient increase with the growth of cycles number are revealed. The possible reasons of the tribology and strength properties of silumin surface layers decrease are discussed

Fractography of Fatigue Fracture Surface in Silumin Subjected to Electron-Beam Processing

The surface modification of the eutectic silumin with high-intensity pulsed electron beam has been carried out. Multi-cycle fatigue tests were performed and irradiation mode made possible the increase in the silumin fatigue life more than 3.5 times was determined. Studies of the structure of the surface irradiation and surface fatigue fracture of silumin in the initial (unirradiated) state and after modification with intense pulsed electron beam were carried out by methods of scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown, that in mode of partial melting of the irradiation surface the modification process of silicon plates is accompanied by the formation of numerous large micropores along the boundary plate/matrix and microcracks located in the silicon plates. A multi-modal structure (grain size within 30-50 μm with silicon particles up to 10 [mu]m located on the boundaries) is formed in stable melting mode, as well as subgrain structure in the form of crystallization cells from 100 to 250 [mu]m in size). Formation of a multi-modal, multi-phase, submicro- and nanosize structure assisting to a significant increase in the critical length of the crack, the safety coefficient and decrease in step of cracks for loading cycle was the main cause for the increase in silumin fatigue life

Degradation of structure and properties of rail surface layer at long-term operation

The microstructure evolution and properties variation of the surface layer of rail steel after passed 500 and 1000 million tons of gross weight (MTGW) have been investigated. The wear rate increases to 3 and 3.4 times after passed 500 and 1000 MTGW, respectively. The corresponding friction coefficient decreases by 1.4 and 1.1 times. The cementite plates were destroyed and formed the cementite particles of around 10-50 nm in size after passed 500 MTGW. The early stage dynamical recrystallization was observed after passed 1000 MTGW. The mechanisms for these have been suggested. The large number of bend extinction contours is revealed in the surface layer. The internal stress field is evaluated

NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORKS: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CONTEXT OF UNRESOLVED ISSUES

Introduction. The deficiency of highly skilled professionals meeting the requirements of the modern labour market has become the reason for search of new, more effective regulation mechanisms of vocational training and personnel certification for post-industrial knowledge-based economy. As international practice demonstrates, such mechanisms could be the National Qualifications Systems (NQS), National Qualifications Framework (NQF) and Professional Standards (PS) that are comparable with the European Qualifications Framework (EQF), designed for lifelong education implementation. Aim. Having analysed the international experience, the aims of the article are to discuss the issues of NQF and PS implementation and to consider the possibility of adaptation of the best models of foreign practice for the Russian realities. Methodology and research methods. The methods of collecting empirical information, comparative and conceptual-terminological analysis were applied in the course of studying methodological and methodical aspects of construction and functioning of NQS; the methods of generalization, interpretation and modeling were applied. The results and scientific novelty. The complex of the systemic problems which restrict the process of NQS formation launched in Russia is noted. The revealed reasons are explained by the developed psychological, organizational and methodical stereotypes; the ways of overcoming the current problems are outlined. According to the authors, the key problem is the dichotomy between professional and educational qualifications which does not exist in the international discourse, but is deeply rooted in consciousness of the Russians. Such a distinction involves irrational duplication of procedures for the qualifications assessment and generates a number of other difficulties interfering effective development of NQS and obtaining the maximum benefits from its use. In order to resolve the revealed contradictions and shortcomings, the authors analysed the experience of other countries where national systems of qualifications are implemented. Based on the international practice invariant systemically important parameters and variable characteristics of NQS and NQF are singled out and described. The typology of the qualifications framework and the principles of their design are proved. Practical significance. The research materials and findings, recommendations and suggestions for integrated improvement of mechanisms of Federal State Educational Standards, introduced PS and the system of independent assessment of qualifications can be useful for professional development of the experts and methodologists participating in design and modernization of NQF, development of professional and educational standards along with the main and additional programs of vocational training.Введение. Ощущающийся во многих государствах дефицит высококвалифицированных специалистов, отвечающих требованиям современного рынка труда, стал причиной поиска новых, более эффективных механизмов регулирования профессиональной подготовки и аттестации кадров для постиндустриальной экономики знаний. Такими механизмами, как показывает мировая практика, могут стать национальные системы квалификации (НСК), национальные рамки квалификаций (НРК), сопоставимые с Европейской рамкой квалификаций, созданной для воплощения концепции обучения в течение всей жизни, и разрабатываемые синхронно с ними профессиональные стандарты (ПС). Цель публикации – обсуждение на основе обобщения международного опыта сущностных вопросов использования НРК и ПС для изыскания возможностей адаптации к российским реалиям лучших образцов зарубежной практики в данной области.Методология и методы. В ходе изучения методологических и методических аспектов построения и функционирования НСК применялись методы сбора эмпирической информации, сравнительного и понятийно-терминологического анализа; обобщение, интерпретация и моделирование. Результаты и научная новизна. Обозначен комплекс системных проблем, тормозящих запущенный в России процесс становления НСК. Вскрыты их причины, которые во многом объясняются сложившимися психологическими, организационными и методическими стереотипами, и намечены пути преодоления имеющихся проблем. Ключевой среди них, по мнению авторов статьи, является отсутствующее в международном дискурсе, но укоренившееся в сознании россиян противопоставление профессиональных и образовательных квалификаций. Подобное разграничение влечет за собой нерациональное дублирование процедур их оценки и порождает ряд других сложностей, препятствующих эффективному развитию НСК и получению максимальных выгод от ее использования. Для устранения выявленных противоречий и недостатков проанализирован опыт других стран, в которых существуют национальные системы квалификаций. С опорой на международную практику выделены и описаны инвариантные системообразующие параметры и вариативные характеристики НСК и НРК. Обоснована типология рамок квалификаций и принципы их проектирования. Практическая значимость. Материалы исследования и сформулированные его авторами рекомендации и предложения по совершенствованию механизмов сопряжения ФГОС, внедряемых ПС и системы независимой оценки квалификаций могут быть полезны для повышения квалификации экспертов и методистов, участвующих в проектировании и модернизации НРК, разработке профессиональных и образовательных стандартов, а также основных и дополнительных программ профессиональной подготовки

Study of Methods for Solving Logical Problems and Selection of the Optimal Method Based on the Developed Criteria

The article analyzes and investigates the methods of solving logical problems to identify the optimal method of solution in various fields of science. The classification of tasks in various fields of science was formed. The article presents the criteria for evaluating the most optimal method of solving logic problems.В статье были проанализированы и исследованы методы решения логических задач для выявления оптимального метода решения в различных областях науки. Была сформирована классификация задач по различным областям науки. В статье представлены критерии для оценки наиболее оптимального метода решения логических задач

NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS SYSTEM IN RUSSIA – AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Introduction. The article offers an insight into an epistemological perspective of establishing the national qualifications system in Russia that is critical for creating a “market of qualifications in the country that would be adequate to the current context.The aim of the research was to examine the context and factors underpinning the formation and evolution of the structure of knowledge relating to the national qualification system in Russia.Methodology and research methods. The methods applied comprise a mixed-method approach that included: review and analysis of official documents, semi-structured background and individual interviews with key stakeholders (line ministries, experts from industry and qualifications awarding bodies etc.) and desk research.Results and scientific novelty. The performed analysis of documents and of research data has revealed that the process of generating and enhancing knowledge about the national qualifications system semantically and methodologically is in broad terms contingent on the needs and objectives of social and economic development, and in narrower terms – on the development of occupational standards that underpin the standards of vocational and higher education, as well as on the enhanced institutionalisation of employers’ involvement in the training of personnel and in the search of effective mechanisms and instruments of independent assessment of qualifications.It also offers an insight into current key paradigmatic gaps in the NQF-related epistemology in Russia that account for the specificity of the observed state of play and for the key conceptual epistemological contradiction that has been identified by the authors as the opposition of and conflict between occupational and education qualifications. The authors propose ways out of the situation based on international practices in this area starting from aligning the terminology and conceptual approaches with international ones. The performed epistemological research and the conclusions made by the authors contribute to the national qualifications system discourse. It is stressed that core principles underpinning the development of the national qualifications system should be adapted to the social and economic and local factors.Practical significance. The material of the article can be used by policy-makers dealing with the NQS development and implementation of the NQS.Введение. В статье рассматривается эпистемологическая перспектива становления в России национальной системы квалификаций, необходимой для появления в стране отвечающего современным реалиям «рынка квалификаций». Цель публикации – обсуждение содержания, факторов формирования и эволюции знаний об аспектах функционирования национальной системы квалификаций в российских условиях. Методология и методики. В ходе работы применялись комплексный подход к объекту изучения, включающий такие методы исследования, как обзор и анализ официальных документов, полуофициальные опросы и индивидуальные интервью с представителями наиболее заинтересованных сторон – руководителями и сотрудниками отраслевых министерств, отраслевыми экспертами, специалистами структур по присуждению квалификаций и т. д.Результаты и научная новизна. Проведенный анализ документальных и научных источников показал, что процесс генерирования и совершенствования знаний о системе национальных квалификаций семантически и методологически связан в широком понимании с потребностями и целями социально-экономического развития; в более узком – с разработкой профессиональных стандартов, которые должны служить основой стандартов профессионального и высшего образования, а также с усилением институционализации участия работодателей в подготовке кадров и поиске эффективных механизмов и инструментария независимой оценки квалификаций и компетенций. Вскрыты имеющиеся в настоящее время парадигматические пробелы в системе знаний о национальной рамке квалификаций, порождающие проблемы дальнейшего развития данного направления в России. В качестве узлового концептуального эпистемологического противоречия выделено неправомерное противопоставление профессиональных и образовательных квалификаций. С опорой на зарубежный практический опыт предложены пути выхода из сложившейся ситуации, в частности, рекомендуется прежде всего согласовать терминологию и концептуальные подходы с международными нормами. Предпринятое в контексте эпистемологии исследование и сделанные авторами выводы расширяют дискурс о национальной системе квалификаций; подчеркивается, что при соблюдении общих принципов разработки национальной системы квалификаций важно учитывать специфические внутригосударственные социально-экономические и территориальные факторы. Практическая значимость. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы в практике отечественных специалистов, ответственных за создание инфраструктуры и внедрение национальной системы квалификаций и формирующих политику в этой области

Fractography of Fatigue Fracture Surface in Silumin Subjected to Electron-Beam Processing

The surface modification of the eutectic silumin with high-intensity pulsed electron beam has been carried out. Multi-cycle fatigue tests were performed and irradiation mode made possible the increase in the silumin fatigue life more than 3.5 times was determined. Studies of the structure of the surface irradiation and surface fatigue fracture of silumin in the initial (unirradiated) state and after modification with intense pulsed electron beam were carried out by methods of scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown, that in mode of partial melting of the irradiation surface the modification process of silicon plates is accompanied by the formation of numerous large micropores along the boundary plate/matrix and microcracks located in the silicon plates. A multi-modal structure (grain size within 30-50 μm with silicon particles up to 10 [mu]m located on the boundaries) is formed in stable melting mode, as well as subgrain structure in the form of crystallization cells from 100 to 250 [mu]m in size). Formation of a multi-modal, multi-phase, submicro- and nanosize structure assisting to a significant increase in the critical length of the crack, the safety coefficient and decrease in step of cracks for loading cycle was the main cause for the increase in silumin fatigue life

EVALUATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL SITUATION ON ANTHRAX IN 2016, THE FORECAST FOR 2017

The results of analysis of epidemiological and epizootiological situation on anthrax in the world in 2016 are presented. In the Russian Federation 36 human cases of anthrax are registered. Epizooties are noted in 3 federal districts. Anthrax in humans was detected in neighboring countries of Central Asia, in a number of Asian and African countries. Epizootic foci are identified throughout with prevalence in the countries of Africa and Asia, where anthrax cases among wild animals were also revealed. The unstable situation on anthrax is forecasted in 2017 in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries