Perfiles de neohablantes de gallego

Encara que el fenomen és molt anterior, almenys des del començament del procés de recuperació lingüística de mitjan segle xx, un tret definitori de la realitat sociolingüística gallega actual és la presència de neoparlants de gallec. Amb la introducció d'aquest idioma en nous àmbits d'ús, particularment en el sistema educatiu, una part de la població que havia tingut la seva primera socialització en espanyol desplaça aquesta llengua a un lloc secundari i es fa parlant conscient i compromès de gallec. En aquest treball, presentem una aproximació als perfils generals de neoparlants de gallec, a partir del criteri intensitat d'ús de l'idioma après. Així, diferenciem entre neoparlants essencials, neoparlants funcionals, neoparlants ocasionals i neoparlants potencials. Encara que per a la sociolingüística acadèmica i per a l'imaginari social de la població gallega la persona neoparlant es limita al tipus que denominem «essencial», des d'una visió menys restrictiva tant els neoparlants funcionals com, en menor mesura, els neoparlants ocasionals responen al perfil de persones amb L1 espanyol que incorporen el gallec a les seves pràctiques. Els neoparlants potencials constitueixen un grup d'índole diferent pel fet que compleixen algunes de les condicions necessàries per al canvi, malgrat que aquest canvi no ha tingut lloc.Although the phenomenon began much earlier – at least since the beginnings of the linguistic revival process of the mid-20th century – a distinctive feature of the Galicia’s current sociolinguistic reality is the presence of new speakers of Galician. With the introduction of Galician into new areas of use, in particular, the educational system, part of the population that socialised primarily in Spanish have relegated Spanish to a secondary position and become conscious and committed speakers of Galician. In this paper, we examine the general profiles of new speakers of Galician using the intensity of use of the learned language criterion. Thus, we differentiate between essential, functional, occasional and potential new speakers. While for academic sociolinguistics and the social imaginary of the Galician population, the new speaker is limited to what we define as an “essential” new speaker, from a less restrictive view, functional new speakers and, to a lesser extent, occasional new speakers both meet the profile of persons with L1 Spanish who incorporate Galician into their practices. Potential new speakers are a different case as in them we see the conditions required for the change even though such a change has yet to take place.Aunque el fenómeno es muy anterior, al menos desde los inicios del proceso de recuperación lingüística de mediados del siglo xx, un rasgo definitorio de la realidad sociolingüística gallega actual es la presencia de neohablantes de gallego. Con la introducción de este idioma en nuevos ámbitos de uso, particularmente en el sistema educativo, una parte de la población que había tenido su primera socialización en español desplaza esta lengua a un lugar secundario y se hace hablante consciente y comprometido de gallego. En este trabajo, presentamos una aproximación a los perfiles generales de neohablantes de gallego, a partir del criterio intensidad de uso del idioma aprendido. Así, diferenciamos entre neohablantes esenciales, neohablantes funcionales, neohablantes ocasionales y neohablantes potenciales. Aunque para la sociolingüística académica y para el imaginario social de la población gallega la persona neohablante se limita al tipo que denominamos «esencial», desde una visión menos restrictiva tanto los neohablantes funcionales y, en menor medida, los neohablantes ocasionales cumplen con el perfil de personas con L1 español que incorporan el gallego a sus prácticas. Los neohablantes potenciales constituyen un grupo de índole diferente al darse en ellos algunas de las condiciones necesarias para el cambio, aunque tal cambio no ha tenido lugar

“New speakers” of Gaelic:perceptions of linguistic authenticity and appropriateness

This article considers the experiences and views of “new speakers” of Gaelic, focusing on how they characterise their language production and its relationship to the language of traditional speakers. In contrast to some other European minority languages, a significant population of new Gaelic speakers in Scotland has emerged only recently, particularly with the development of Gaelic-medium education since 1985, provision that increasingly serves children who do not acquire Gaelic in the home. Given the ongoing decline of Gaelic in traditional “heartland” areas, it is apparent that new speakers of Gaelic emerging from urban Scotland will become increasingly important in coming years. This study of 35 new speakers in the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow builds on emerging research on new speakers of minority languages across other European contexts (see O’Rourke et al. 2015) where traditional communities of speakers are being eroded as a consequence of increased urbanisation and economic modernisation. This article considers issues involving legitimacy, authority and authenticity amongst new speakers of Gaelic and the extent to which new speakers are producing their own set of contexts of language use and their own standards of performance or conversely, if they continue to reproduce ideals of localism, tradition and linguistic purity. Participants expressed contrasting views on these topics, some of them endeavouring to accommodate what they perceived as native speakers’ perceptions and preferences, others expressing a rather more oppositional viewpoint, rejecting practices or assumptions that they view as impeding the modernisation and normalisation of the language

Just use it! Linguistic conversion and identities of resistance amongst Galician new speakers

In recent years there has been a focus in language policy research on understanding how national policies are interpreted and negotiated by social actors on the ground. This paper looks at the interplay between government and grassroots initiatives to create Galician-speaking spaces in predominantly Spanish-speaking urban settings. While official language policies in Galicia since the 1980s have increased the potential for language use through bilingual educational policies, these policies have failed to convert the large pool of potential speakers amongst a younger generation of Galicians into active language users. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with Galician neofalantes (new speakers) this paper looks at instances where such policies seem to have worked and where the linguistic capacity created through the education system has been converted into active language use. The article examines how such speakers rationalise their practice of linguistic conversion not as success stories of language policy but as reactions to and dissatisfaction with what is perceived as ‘top-down’ governmentality through a reflexive process in which existing power structures are brought into question. The article looks specifically as the ideologies underpinning their decisions to become active speakers and the role they play as language planners in contemporary Galicia

The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP): A platform for integrated multidisciplinary ocean science

The Global Ocean Ship-Based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) provides a globally coordinated network and oversight of 55 sustained decadal repeat hydrographic reference lines. GO-SHIP is part of the global ocean/climate observing systems (GOOS/GCOS) for study of physical oceanography, the ocean carbon, oxygen and nutrient cycles, and marine biogeochemistry. GO-SHIP enables assessment of the ocean sequestration of heat and carbon, changing ocean circulation and ventilation patterns, and their effects on ocean health and Earth’s climate. Rapid quality control and open data release along with incorporation of the GO-SHIP effort in the Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) in situ Observing Programs Support Center (JCOMMOPS) have increased the profile of, and participation in, the program and led to increased data use for a range of efforts. In addition to scientific discovery, GO-SHIP provides climate quality observations for ongoing calibration of measurements from existing and new autonomous platforms. This includes biogeochemical observations for the nascent array of biogeochemical (BGC)-Argo floats; temperature and salinity for Deep Argo; and salinity for the core Argo array. GO-SHIP provides the relevant suite of global, full depth, high quality observations and co-located deployment opportunities that, for the foreseeable future, remain crucial to maintenance and evolution of Argo’s unique contribution to climate science. The evolution of GO-SHIP from a program primarily focused on physical climate to increased emphasis on ocean health and sustainability has put an emphasis on the addition of essential ocean variables for biology and ecosystems in the program measurement suite. In conjunction with novel automated measurement systems, ocean color, particulate matter, and phytoplankton enumeration are being explored as GO-SHIP variables. The addition of biological and ecosystem measurements will enable GO-SHIP to determine trends and variability in these key indicators of ocean health. The active and adaptive community has sustained the network, quality and relevance of the global repeat hydrography effort through societally important scientific results, increased exposure, and interoperability with new efforts and opportunities within the community. Here we provide key recommendations for the continuation and growth of GO-SHIP in the next decade

Profiles of new speakers of Galician

Aunque el fenómeno es muy anterior, al menos desde los inicios del proceso de recuperación lingüística de mediados del siglo xx, un rasgo definitorio de la realidad sociolingüística gallega actual es la presencia de neohablantes de gallego. Con la introducción de este idioma en nuevos ámbitos de uso, particularmente en el sistema educativo, una parte de la población que había tenido su primera socialización en español desplaza esta lengua a un lugar secundario y se hace hablante consciente y comprometido de gallego. En este trabajo, presentamos una aproximación a los perfiles generales de neohablantes de gallego, a partir del criterio intensidad de uso del idioma aprendido. Así, diferenciamos entre neohablantes esenciales, neohablantes funcionales, neohablantes ocasionales y neohablantes potenciales. Aunque para la sociolingüística académica y para el imaginario social de la población gallega la persona neohablante se limita al tipo que denominamos «esencial», desde una visión menos restrictiva tanto los neohablantes funcionales y, en menor medida, los neohablantes ocasionales cumplen con el perfil de personas con L1 español que incorporan el gallego a sus prácticas. Los neohablantes potenciales constituyen un grupo de índole diferente al darse en ellos algunas de las condiciones necesarias para el cambio, aunque tal cambio no ha tenido lugar.Encara que el fenomen és molt anterior, almenys des del començament del procés de recuperació lingüística de mitjan segle xx, un tret definitori de la realitat sociolingüística gallega actual és la presència de neoparlants de gallec. Amb la introducció d'aquest idioma en nous àmbits d'ús, particularment en el sistema educatiu, una part de la població que havia tingut la seva primera socialització en espanyol desplaça aquesta llengua a un lloc secundari i es fa parlant conscient i compromès de gallec. En aquest treball, presentem una aproximació als perfils generals de neoparlants de gallec, a partir del criteri intensitat d'ús de l'idioma après. Així, diferenciem entre neoparlants essencials, neoparlants funcionals, neoparlants ocasionals i neoparlants potencials. Encara que per a la sociolingüística acadèmica i per a l'imaginari social de la població gallega la persona neoparlant es limita al tipus que denominem «essencial», des d'una visió menys restrictiva tant els neoparlants funcionals com, en menor mesura, els neoparlants ocasionals responen al perfil de persones amb L1 espanyol que incorporen el gallec a les seves pràctiques. Els neoparlants potencials constitueixen un grup d'índole diferent pel fet que compleixen algunes de les condicions necessàries per al canvi, malgrat que aquest canvi no ha tingut lloc.Although the phenomenon began much earlier – at least since the beginnings of the linguistic revival process of the mid-20th century – a distinctive feature of the Galicia’s current sociolinguistic reality is the presence of new speakers of Galician. With the introduction of Galician into new areas of use, in particular, the educational system, part of the population that socialised primarily in Spanish have relegated Spanish to a secondary position and become conscious and committed speakers of Galician. In this paper, we examine the general profiles of new speakers of Galician using the intensity of use of the learned language criterion. Thus, we differentiate between essential, functional, occasional and potential new speakers. While for academic sociolinguistics and the social imaginary of the Galician population, the new speaker is limited to what we define as an “essential” new speaker, from a less restrictive view, functional new speakers and, to a lesser extent, occasional new speakers both meet the profile of persons with L1 Spanish who incorporate Galician into their practices. Potential new speakers are a different case as in them we see the conditions required for the change even though such a change has yet to take place

New speakers of Irish and identities

This chapter examines the links between the Irish language and identity in the discourses of new speakers. Despite the strong historical association of Irish with national ethnocultural identity, the chapter identifies a wider range of identity constellations to which new speakers adhere. These include linguistic identities based primarily on Irish or English, or standard language versus dialect. Some participants articulate ambiguous, mixed or qualified linguistic identities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the intersection between linguistic and sexual identities.Peer reviewed2021-09-0

From native speakers to “new speakers” – problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts

Within the field of applied linguistics the concept of nativeness has over the recent decades come to be recognised as problematic. The problematization of the native speaker concept has, however, been more recent in other areas of language analysis including the field of minority language research and language revitalization, the sub-field on which we will focus here. Researchers interested in minority language communities such as Irish, Basque, Welsh, Corsican etc., and associated processes of language shift and revitalization, have by and large tended to focus much of their attention on native and/ or heritage communities. Significantly less attention has been given to non-native or what we are referring to here as “ new speaker” varieties and categories. In this paper we are interested in examining why this has been the case and how the treatment of nativeness in this subfield fits with the broader epistemological debates around the native speaker concept in the field of applied linguistics and linguistics more generally.Dans le champ de la linguistique appliquée, le concept de locuteur natif est reconnu comme problématique depuis plusieurs décennies. Sa problématisation est néanmoins plus récente dans d’autres sous-champs des sciences du langage – comme celui des langues minoritaires et de la revitalisation des langues, auquel nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement dans cet article. Les chercheurs qui travaillent sur les langues de communautés minoritaires, comme l’irlandais, le basque, le gallois, le corse, etc., et les processus de changement linguistique et de revitalisation qui leur sont associés, ont dans l’ensemble eu tendance à privilégier l’étude des communautés «natives » . Une attention bien moindre a été portée au locuteur «non natif » , ou à celui que nous appelons ici «néolocuteur » . Nous examinons les raisons de cette situation, et en quoi le traitement du «natif » dans ce sous-champ disciplinaire correspond aux débats épistémologiques plus larges autour du concept de «locuteur natif » en linguistique appliquée et dans les sciences du langage en général.O’Rourke Bernadette, Pujolar Joan. From native speakers to “new speakers” – problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 35, fascicule 2, 2013. pp. 47-67

From native speakers to “new speakers” – problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts

Within the field of applied linguistics the concept of nativeness has over the recent decades come to be recognised as problematic. The problematization of the native speaker concept has, however, been more recent in other areas of language analysis including the field of minority language research and language revitalization, the sub-field on which we will focus here. Researchers interested in minority language communities such as Irish, Basque, Welsh, Corsican etc., and associated processes of language shift and revitalization, have by and large tended to focus much of their attention on native and/ or heritage communities. Significantly less attention has been given to non-native or what we are referring to here as “ new speaker” varieties and categories. In this paper we are interested in examining why this has been the case and how the treatment of nativeness in this subfield fits with the broader epistemological debates around the native speaker concept in the field of applied linguistics and linguistics more generally.Dans le champ de la linguistique appliquée, le concept de locuteur natif est reconnu comme problématique depuis plusieurs décennies. Sa problématisation est néanmoins plus récente dans d’autres sous-champs des sciences du langage – comme celui des langues minoritaires et de la revitalisation des langues, auquel nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement dans cet article. Les chercheurs qui travaillent sur les langues de communautés minoritaires, comme l’irlandais, le basque, le gallois, le corse, etc., et les processus de changement linguistique et de revitalisation qui leur sont associés, ont dans l’ensemble eu tendance à privilégier l’étude des communautés «natives » . Une attention bien moindre a été portée au locuteur «non natif » , ou à celui que nous appelons ici «néolocuteur » . Nous examinons les raisons de cette situation, et en quoi le traitement du «natif » dans ce sous-champ disciplinaire correspond aux débats épistémologiques plus larges autour du concept de «locuteur natif » en linguistique appliquée et dans les sciences du langage en général.O’Rourke Bernadette, Pujolar Joan. From native speakers to “new speakers” – problematizing nativeness in language revitalization contexts. In: Histoire Épistémologie Langage, tome 35, fascicule 2, 2013. pp. 47-67

New speakers of Irish and identities

This chapter examines the links between the Irish language and identity in the discourses of new speakers. Despite the strong historical association of Irish with national ethnocultural identity, the chapter identifies a wider range of identity constellations to which new speakers adhere. These include linguistic identities based primarily on Irish or English, or standard language versus dialect. Some participants articulate ambiguous, mixed or qualified linguistic identities. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the intersection between linguistic and sexual identities.Peer reviewed2021-09-0