Antropo-Teolojik Açıdan ‘İrtica’ ve ‘Mürtecî’ Kavramları Üzerine Sosyo-Politik İçerikli Semantik Bir Yaklaşım

Bu makalede, İstanbul’da 1909 yılında meydana gelen 31 Mart Vak’asıyla birlikte dinî ve siyasî bir anlam kazanarak Türk siyasî literatürüne giren “irticâ” ve “mürtecî” kavramları ele alınacaktır. Günümüzde de güncelliğini korumaya devam eden bu aktüel konu değerlendirilirken ilk olarak adı geçen kavramların Doğu ve Batı kaynaklarında hangi anlamlarda ve nasıl kullanıldıkları üzerinde durulacaktır. Bu çerçevede etimolojik olarak “irticâ” ve “mürtecî” kavramlarının semantik içeriği tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Daha sonra, bir fikir ve ideoloji olarak Türk siyaset tarihinde bu kavramlarla ne amaçlandığı ve hangi anlamlarda kullanıldığı, zaman içerisinde nasıl dinî ve siyasî bir içerik kazandıkları tarihsel olaylar ekseninde açıklanacaktı

Nanoceria-Supported Ruthenium(0) Nanoparticles: Highly Active and Stable Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Ruthenium­(0) nanoparticles supported on nanoceria (Ru⁰/CeO₂) were prepared by reduction of Ru³⁺ ions on the surface of ceria using aqueous solution of NaBH₄. The Ru⁰/CeO₂ samples were characterized by advanced analytical tools and employed as electrocatalysts on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in hydrogen evolution from water. The GCE, modified by Ru⁰/CeO₂ (1.86 wt % Ru), provides an incredible electrocatalytic activity with a high exchange current density of 0.67 mA·cm^–2, low overpotential of 47 mV at <i>j</i> = 10 mA·cm^–2, and small Tafel slope of 41 mV·dec^–1. Moreover, this modified GCE provides an unprecedented long-term stability without changing the onset potential (33 mV) even after 10 000 scans in acidic water splitting at room temperature. The hydrogen gas, evolved during the water splitting using the Ru⁰/CeO₂ (1.86 wt % Ru) electrocatalyst, was also collected. The amount of the evolved H₂ gas matches well with the calculated value, which indicates the achievement of nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency

Synthesis and Straightforward Quantification Methods of Imino Nitroxide-Based Hexaradical Architecture on a Cyclotriphosphazene Scaffold

The synthesis of a homogeneous neutral hexaradical architecture consisting of six imino nitroxide radical moieties covalently bonded on a cyclotriphosphazene scaffold was reported. The synthesis of hexaradical imino nitroxide compounds follows the Ullman procedure involving the condensation of 2,3-bis­(hydroxylamino)-2,3-dimethylbutane with hexa-(4-formylphenoxy)­cyclotriphosphazene (<b>3</b>) followed by oxidation of the condensation product hexa-[4-(1-hydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-imidazoline-2-yl)­phenoxy]­cyclotriphosphazene (<b>2</b>) by NaIO₄. Characterization of hexaradical was performed by X-ray and SQUID in solid state and by EPR, absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemistry in solution. CV of <b>1</b> shows an oxidation peak at 1.184 V (vs SCE) and a reduction peak at −0.883 V, both characteristics of the presence of phenyl imino nitroxide (<b>7</b>) moieties, suggesting that the contribution of the cyclotriphosphazene core is negligible. Attention was particularly focused on developing methods, UV–vis spectroscopy and square-wave voltammetry, to quantify the number of radicals in a way to confirm easily and rapidly the polyradicals’ structure

Members of CMY Color Space: Cyan and Magenta Colored Polymers Based on Oxadiazole Acceptor Unit

In this study, three novel oxadiazole-based polymers were synthesized and their electrochemical and optical properties were investigated. The polymers were found to have both p- and n-type doping properties accompanied by electrochromic response. Two polymer films exhibit cyan and magenta colors, which constitute two legs of CMY color spaces, in their neutral states and they are soluble in common-organic solvents. According to the color mixing theory, all colors in the visible spectrum including black color can be obtained by using these polymers with a yellow colored electrochromic polymer. Among these polymers, the polymer bearing propyledioxythiophene donor units has some superior properties like high stability (it retains 94% of its electroactivity after 2000 cycles), solubility, and high coloration efficiency (230 cm²/C), whereas as expected ethylenedioxythiophene containing one has the lowest band gap as 1.08 eV

Chromogenic Sensing of Biogenic Amines Using a Chameleon Probe and the Red−Green−Blue Readout of Digital Camera Images

We report on sensing spots containing an amine reactive chromogenic probe and a green fluorescent (amine insensitive) reference dye incorporated in a hydrogel matrix on a solid support. Such spots enable rapid and direct determination of primary amines and, especially, biogenic amines (BA). A distinct color change from blue to red occurs on dipping the test spots into a pH 9.0 sample containing primary amines. BAs can be determined in the concentration range from 0.01 to 10 mM within 15 min, enabling rapid, qualitative, and semiquantitative evaluation. In the “photographic” approach, the typically 4−7.5-fold increase in fluorescence intensity of the probe at 620 nm along with the constant green fluorescence at 515 nm of a reference dye are used for quantitation of BAs. The sensing spots are photoexcited with high-power 505 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a black box. A digital picture is acquired with a commercially available digital camera, and the color information is extracted via red−green−blue (RGB) readout. The ratio of the intensities of the red (signal) channel and the green (reference) channel yields pseudocolor pictures and calibration plots

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field