Innovación en Ecuador: un enfoque espacial/Innovation in Ecuador: a spatial approach

Este trabajo explora la distribución espacial del éxito innovador de las empresas en Ecuador entre 2012 y 2014. Los datos cuentan con una muestra de 6275 empresas con representatividad provincial. En base a esta información, los objetivos que persigue esta investigación están orientados a i) establecer si existe o no relaciones espaciales en las provincias del Ecuador y ii) resaltar políticas estatales que contribuyan a la innovación. Los resultados muestran que existe influencia espacial en el éxito innovador. Asimismo, el modelo planteado sugiere políticas orientadas a la innovación mediante apoyo del Gobierno así como financiamiento por parte de la banca privada. This paper explores the spatial distribution of the innovative success of companies in Ecuador between 2012 and 2014. The data has a sample of 6275 companies with provincial representation. Based on this information, the objectives pursued by this research are aimed at i) establishing whether or not there are spatial relationships in the provinces of Ecuador and ii) highlighting state policies that contribute to innovation. The results show that there is a spatial influence on innovative success. Likewise, the proposed model suggests policies oriented towards innovation through government support as well as financing from private banks. Palabras clave: Spillovers espaciales, Modelo espacial autorregresivo, Modelo de error espacial, Modelo espacial de Durbin. Keywords: Spatial spillovers, Spatial autoregressive model, Spatial Error Model, Spatial Durbin Model

Probióticos Como Aditivos Dietéticos Para Cerdos. Una Revisión/Probiotics as Dietetic Additives for Pigs. A Review

Por varias décadas se ha utilizado en los sistemas intensivos y semi intensivos de producción porcina los antibióticos promotores de crecimiento, con la finalidad de controlar los problemas digestivos y respiratorios y mejorar la eficiencia. Sin embargo, su utilización en la alimentación de animales destinados al consumo humano, se relaciona con la crisis de salud global por la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. A nivel internacional, varias jurisdicciones respondieron a través de la restricción o prohibición del uso de estos productos. Esta situación condujo a que diferentes grupos de investigación se centraran en el estudio y desarrollo de alternativas para mantener la salud de los animales y el rendimiento productivo. Dentro de estas alternativas se incluyen probióticos que son uno de los aditivos alimentarios más estudiados y se definen como microorganismo(s) vivo (s) que cuando se adicionan en cantidades adecuadas influyen benéficamente en la salud del huésped. La aplicación de estos productos en la alimentación de cerdos puede modular la respuesta inmune y mejorar los parámetros zootécnicos de conversión alimenticia y ganancia de peso vivo final. Además, se pueden utilizar en el tratamiento de enfermedades infecciosas digestivas, como la diarrea, lo que aporta un beneficio económico importante en la industria porcina. En este estudio, se realizó una revisión de las diferentes etapas fisiológicas de cerdos con 23 citas bibliográficas y 50 referencias sobre la utilización de probióticos en la especie porcina como la utilización de probióticos en la alimentación. For several decades, antibiotic growth promoters have been used in intensive and semi-intensive systems of swine production, with the purpose of controlling digestive and respiratory problems and improving efficiency. However, its use in feeding animals destined for human consumption is related to the global health crisis due to resistance to antimicrobials. Internationally, several jurisdictions responded by restricting or prohibiting the use of these products. This situation led to different research groups focusing on the study and development of alternatives to maintain animal health and productive performance. These alternatives include probiotics that are one of the most studied food additives and are defined as live microorganism (s) that, when added in adequate amounts, beneficially influence the health of the host. The application of these products in pig feed can modulate the immune response and improve the zootechnical parameters of feed conversion and final live weight gain. In addition, they can be used in the treatment of digestive infectious diseases, such as diarrhea, which provides a significant economic benefit in the swine industry. In this study, a review was made of the different physiological stages of pigs with 23 citations and 50 references on the use of probiotics in swine as the use of probiotics in food. Palabras Claves: Probióticos, antibióticos, rendimiento productivo, salud del huésped. Keywords: Probiotics, antibiotics, productive performance, guest health

FIC/FEM formulation with matrix stabilizing terms for incompressible flows at low and high Reynolds numbers

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-006-0060-yWe present a general formulation for incompressible fluid flow analysis using the finite element method. The necessary stabilization for dealing with convective effects and the incompressibility condition are introduced via the Finite Calculus method using a matrix form of the stabilization parameters. This allows to model a wide range of fluid flow problems for low and high Reynolds numbers flows without introducing a turbulence model. Examples of application to the analysis of incompressible flows with moderate and large Reynolds numbers are presented.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Iluminación Artificial

Not availableSe describen las instalaciones de alumbrado, tanto exterior como interior, indicando las bases de partida que han servido para proyectarlas

Tuning the Nature and Formation of Bis(dihydrogen)-Osmium Species

The influence of chelate ligands in the formation and nature of bis(dihydrogen) units of OsH4 complexes has been studied. The classical trihydride OsH3{¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(PiPr3)2 (1) reacts with HBF4·OEt2 to give the Kubas-type dihydrogen-elongated dihydrogen derivative [Os{¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(¿2-H2)2(PiPr3)2]BF4 (2), as a result of the protonation of one of the hydride ligands. Triflate (OTf) displaces the Kubas-type dihydrogen and elongates the elongated dihydrogen ligand, which is converted into a compressed dihydride. Thus, the addition of 1 equiv of HOTf to 1 leads to Os(H···H){¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(OTf)(PiPr3)2 (3). Similar to [OTf]-, acetone reacts with 2 to afford the related compressed dihydride [Os(H···H){¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(¿1-OCMe2)(PiPr3)2]BF4 (4), whereas acetonitrile leads to a 1:8 mixture of the monohydride [OsH(CH3CN)3(PiPr3)2]BF4 (5) and the trihydride [OsH3(CH3CN)2(PiPr3)2]BF4 (6). Reactions of 2 with toluene and p-xylene yield the half-sandwich derivatives [Os{¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(¿6-toluene)(PiPr3)]BF4 (7) and [Os{¿2-C, N-(C6H4-py)}(¿6-p-xylene)(PiPr3)]BF4 (8), respectively. The acyl oxygen atom of the C, C-chelate ligand of the trihydride OsH3{¿2-C, C-[C(O)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2 (10; Im = imidazolylidene) provides reliable and effective protection of the hydride ligands against the protonation. Thus, the addition of HBF4·OEt2 or HOTf to 10 leads to the trihydride-hydroxycarbene cation [OsH3{¿2-C, C-[C(OH)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2]+ (11). The hydroxycarbene-NHC ligand of the latter is unstable, undergoing an intramolecular 1, 3-hydrogen shift, which produces the rupture of the chelate ligand and the formation of the cis-hydride dihydrogen (12a) and trans-hydride-dihydrogen (12b) derivatives [OsH(¿2-H2)(CO)(Me2Im)(PiPr3)2]+ (12). The protonation of 11 with a second equivalent of HOTf affords the transient bis(Kubas-type dihydrogen) [Os(¿2-H2)2{¿2-C, C-[C(OH)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2](OTf)2, which undergoes the displacement of a coordinated hydrogen molecule by a [OTf]- anion to give the Kubas-type dihydrogen [Os(OTf)(¿2-H2){¿2-C, C-[C(OH)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2]OTf (13). The addition of MeOTf to 10 leads to [OsH3{¿2-C, C-[C(OMe)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2]OTf (14) which, in contrast to 11, is stable. Similar to the latter, the protonation of 14 with HOTf yields the Kubas-type dihydrogen complex [Os(OTf)(¿2-H2){¿2-C, C-[C(OMe)CH2ImMe]}(PiPr3)2]OTf (15)

Characterization of mechanical properties of biological tissue – Application to the FEM analysis of the urinary bladder

An approach is presented for studying the mechanical behavior of soft biological tissue using the finite‐element method and a general constitutive model. The overall computational approach is used for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of the urinary bladder. Bladder tissue is modeled as a composite material formed by a soft matrix reinforced with preferentially oriented fibers. A procedure for identifying the mechanical properties of the main constituents of the bladder tissue by an inverse method is detailed. The mechanical parameters are used for the numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of the bladder during filling within the finite‐element method

Ligand design and preparation, photophysical properties, and device performance of an encapsulated-type pseudo-tris(heteroleptic) iridium(iii) emitter

The organic molecule 2-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-6-(3-(1-phenyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)phenyl)pyridine (H3L) has been designed, prepared, and employed to synthesize the encapsulated-type pseudo-tris(heteroleptic) iridium(III) derivative Ir(κ6-fac-C,C′,C″-fac-N,N′,N″-L). Its formation takes place as a result of the coordination of the heterocycles to the iridium center and the ortho-CH bond activation of the phenyl groups. Dimer [Ir(μ-Cl)(η4-COD)]2 is suitable for the preparation of this compound of class [Ir(9h)] (9h = 9-electron donor hexadentate ligand), but Ir(acac)3 is a more appropriate starting material. Reactions were carried out in 1-phenylethanol. In contrast to the latter, 2-ethoxyethanol promotes the metal carbonylation, inhibiting the full coordination of H3L. Complex Ir(κ6-fac-C,C′,C″-fac-N,N′,N″-L) is a phosphorescent emitter upon photoexcitation, which has been employed to fabricate four yellow emitting devices with 1931 CIE (x:y) ∼ (0.52:0.48) and a maximum wavelength at 576 nm. These devices display luminous efficacies, external quantum efficiencies, and power efficacies at 600 cd m–2, which lie in the ranges 21.4–31.3 cd A–1, 7.8–11.3%, and 10.2–14.1 lm W1–, respectively, depending on the device configuration

Eating behaviour dimensions and anthropometric indicators of adiposity and diet in Ecuadorian adults

Podeu consultar el III Workshop anual INSA-UB complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/118993Sessió 1. Pòster núm.

A Nonlocal Elasto-Plastic Model for Structured Soils at Large Strains for the Particle Finite Element Method

This work presents a robust and mesh-independent implementation of an elasto-plastic constitutive model at large strains, appropriate for structured soils, into a Particle Finite Element code specially developed for geotechnical simulations. The constitutive response of structured soils is characterized by softening and, thus, leading to strain localization. Strain localization poses two numerical challenges: mesh dependence of the solution and computability of the solution. The former is mitigated by employing a non-local integral type regularization whereas an Implicit-Explicit integration scheme is used to enhance the computability. The good performance of these techniques is highlighted in the simulation of the cone penetration test in undrained conditions.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Anthropometric indicators of adiposity and diet related with sleep quality in Ecuadorian adults

Podeu consultar el III Workshop anual INSA-UB complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/118993Sessió 1. Pòster núm.