4,844 research outputs found
Third level institutions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs): connections and relationships
In a world where the amount of aid from developed countries is falling as a percentage of Gross National Product (GNP), development agencies that wish to maintain or increase their aid effort face the problem of bringing public opinion along with them. Development education, with its dual aim of informing and encouraging action, has an
important role to play in winning this public support. It can explain the need for development assistance, provide information on development activities and persuade
individuals to actively support the development project. To date the development education funds granted by Development Cooperation Ireland (DCI) have been directed mainly at primary or secondary level students and teacher training colleges. A recent exception has been funding for Suas (http://www.suas.ie/), an organisation which aims to raise awareness of development issues and encourage short term volunteering among third level students.
The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the role of development education by exploring the present and potential contribution of NGO/third level linkages. It will do this by examining the connections and relationships between NGOs and third level institutions in Ireland and by using the UK and US as a comparative international backdrop. This should help to highlight possible ways forward in enhancing the effectiveness of development education at third level
Inferring processes of cultural transmission: the critical role of rare variants in distinguishing neutrality from novelty biases
Neutral evolution assumes that there are no selective forces distinguishing
different variants in a population. Despite this striking assumption, many
recent studies have sought to assess whether neutrality can provide a good
description of different episodes of cultural change. One approach has been to
test whether neutral predictions are consistent with observed progeny
distributions, recording the number of variants that have produced a given
number of new instances within a specified time interval: a classic example is
the distribution of baby names. Using an overlapping generations model we show
that these distributions consist of two phases: a power law phase with a
constant exponent of -3/2, followed by an exponential cut-off for variants with
very large numbers of progeny. Maximum likelihood estimations of the model
parameters provide a direct way to establish whether observed empirical
patterns are consistent with neutral evolution. We apply our approach to a
complete data set of baby names from Australia. Crucially we show that analyses
based on only the most popular variants, as is often the case in studies of
cultural evolution, can provide misleading evidence for underlying transmission
hypotheses. While neutrality provides a plausible description of progeny
distributions of abundant variants, rare variants deviate from neutrality.
Further, we develop a simulation framework that allows for the detection of
alternative cultural transmission processes. We show that anti-novelty bias is
able to replicate the complete progeny distribution of the Australian data set
Fluoridated elastomers: in vivo versus in vitro fluoride release
OBJECTIVES: To compare (i) the in vivo release of fluoride from fluoridated elastomers to the in vitro
release, and (ii) the residual fluoride content of the elastomers after 1 week in the mouth with and
without fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse.
DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal, cross-over study.
Subjects and method: Six subjects were recruited by poster to take part in the study. Each subject
had one premolar in each quadrant to which a bracket could be fixed and exemplary oral hygiene.
Elastomers were then placed on these brackets.
Intervention: The study was divided into two parts: (i) subjects used oral hygiene products with
fluoride and (ii) oral hygiene products with fluoride were excluded. Both groups of elastomers
were left in the mouth for 1 week. After collection the elastomers were stored in distilled water.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The amount of residual fluoride in the ligatures after they have been
placed in the mouth for 1 week was compared with the cumulative fluoride release in vitro over 1
week and 6 months.
RESULTS: Only 13 per cent of the total amount of fluoride in fluoridated elastomers was released
during the first week in vitro, compared with 90 per cent in vivo. There was a significantly greater
amount (P = 0.001) of residual fluoride when the elastomers were in the mouth for 1 week in the
presence of fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse, than when fluoride supplements were excluded.
CONCLUSIONS: (1) Higher levels of fluoride are lost from the fluoride elastomers in vivo than in vitro
during the first week. (2) A significantly greater amount of residual fluoride was released from the
elastomers placed in the mouth when fluoride toothpaste and mouthrinse were used
Introduction : user studies for digital library development
Introductory chapter to the edited collection on user studies in digital library development. Contains a general introduction to the topic and biographical sketches of the contributors.peer-reviewe
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