Reading 2.0

University of Michigan University Library & National Commission on Libraries and Information Science; held March 10 and March 11, 2006 in Rackham Auditorium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57301/4/mdp-keynote.movhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57301/3/oreilly.pd

What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software

This paper was the first initiative to try to define Web2.0 and understand its implications for the next generation of software, looking at both design patterns and business modes. Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices; Web 2.0 applications are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform: delivering software as a continually-updated service that gets better the more people use it, consuming and remixing data from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an "architecture of participation," and going beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences

Midazolam, hippocampal function, and transitive inference: Reply to Greene

The transitive inference (TI) task assesses the ability to generalize learned knowledge to new contexts, and is thought to depend on the hippocampus (Dusek & Eichenbaum, 1997). Animals or humans learn in separate trials to choose stimulus A over B, B over C, C over D and D over E, via reinforcement feedback. Transitive responding based on the hierarchical structure A > B > C > D > E is then tested with the novel BD pair. We and others have argued that successful BD performance by animals – and even humans in some implicit studies – can be explained by simple reinforcement learning processes which do not depend critically on the hippocampus, but rather on the striatal dopamine system. We recently showed that the benzodiazepene midazolam, which is thought to disrupt hippocampal function, profoundly impaired human memory recall performance but actually enhanced implicit TI performance (Frank, O'Reilly & Curran, 2006). We posited that midazolam biased participants to recruit striatum during learning due to dysfunctional hippocampal processing, and that this change actually supported generalization of reinforcement values. Greene (2007) questions the validity of our pharmacological assumptions and argues that our conclusions are unfounded. Here we stand by our original hypothesis, which remains the most parsimonious account of the data, and is grounded by multiple lines of evidence

Seasonal predictability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation from a jet stream perspective

The winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has varied on interannual and decadal timescales over the last century, associated with variations in the speed and latitude of the eddy-driven jet stream. This paper uses hindcasts from two operational seasonal forecast systems (the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts's seasonal forecast system, and the U.K. Met Office global seasonal forecast system) and a century-long atmosphere-only experiment (using the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts's Integrated Forecasting System model) to relate seasonal prediction skill in the NAO to these aspects of jet variability. This shows that the NAO skill realized so far arises from interannual variations in the jet, largely associated with its latitude rather than speed. There likely remains further potential for predictability on longer, decadal timescales. In the small sample of models analyzed here, improved representation of the structure of jet variability does not translate to enhanced seasonal forecast skill

An exploratory study of the FinTech (Financial Technology) education and retraining in UK

The purpose of this paper is to explore two identified knowledge gaps: first, the identification and analysis of online searching trends for Financial Technology (FinTech)-related jobs and education information in UK, and second to assess the current strength of the FinTech-related job distribution in terms of job titles and locations in UK, job market in UK and what is required to help it to grow

Surface Wave Processes on the Continental Shelf and Beach

LONG-TERM GOALS: Wind waves and swell dominate the hydrodynamic and sediment transport processes on many continental shelves and beaches, affect underwater acoustics, and play an important role in remote sensing applications. Wave prediction in coastal environments is a challenging task because waves are affected by many processes, including scattering by seafloor topography, strong nonlinear interactions, wave breaking, and friction in the bottom boundary layer. Several of these processes are poorly understood and existing wave prediction models rely on parameterizations and empirical calibration to represent them. The long term goals of this research are to obtain a better understanding of the physical processes that affect ocean surface waves in the coastal environment and develop improved wave prediction capability.Award Numbers: N0001408WR20154, N0001408WR20003, N00014-07-1-0365, N00014-07-1-040

Data pertaining to aberrant intracellular calcium handling during androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer

The data generated here in relates to the research article “CaV1.3 enhanced store operated calcium promotes resistance to androgen deprivation in prostate cancer”. A model of prostate cancer (PCa) progression to castration resistance was employed, with untreated androgen sensitive LNCaP cell line alongside two androgen deprived (bicalutamide) sublines, either 10 days (LNCaP-ADT) or 2 years (LNCaP-ABL) treatment, in addition to androgen insensitive PC3. With this PCa model, qPCR was used to examined fold change in markers linked to androgen resistance, androgen receptor (AR) and neuron specific enolase (NSE), observing an increase under androgen deprivation. In addition, the gene expression of a range of calcium channels was measured, with only the L-type Voltage gated calcium channel, CACNA1D, demonstrating an increase during androgen deprivation. With CACNA1D knockdown the channel was found not to influence the gene expression of calcium channels, ORAI1 and STIM1. The calcium channel blocker (CCB), nifedipine, was employed to determine the impact of CaV1.3 on the observed store release and calcium entry measured via Fura-2AM ratiometric dye in our outlined PCa model. In both the presence and absence of androgen deprivation, nifedipine was found to have no impact on store release induced by thapsigargin (Tg) in 0mM Ca(2+) nor store operated calcium entry (SOCE) following the addition of 2mM Ca(2+). However, CACNA1D siRNA knockdown was able to reduce SOCE in PC3 cells. The effect of nifedipine on CaV1.3 in PCa biology was measured through cell proliferation assay, with no observed change in the presence of CCB. While siCACNA1D reduced PC3 cell proliferation. This data can be reused to inform new studies investigating altered calcium handling in androgen resistant prostate cancer. It provides insight into the mechanism of CaV1.3 and its functional properties in altered calcium in cancer, which can be of use to researchers investigating this channel in disease. Furthermore, it could be helpful in interpreting studies investigating CCB's as a therapeutic and in the development of future drugs targeting CaV1.3

Atmospheric seasonal forecasts of the twentieth century: multi-decadal variability in predictive skill of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their potential value for extreme event attribution

Based on skill estimates from hindcasts made over the last couple of decades, recent studies have suggested that considerable success has been achieved in forecasting winter climate anomalies over the Euro-Atlantic area using current-generation dynamical forecast models. However, previous-generation models had shown that forecasts of winter climate anomalies in the 1960s and 1970s were less successful than forecasts of the 1980s and 1990s. Given that the more recent decades have been dominated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in its positive phase, it is important to know whether the performance of current models would be similarly skilful when tested over periods of a predominantly negative NAO. To this end, a new ensemble of atmospheric seasonal hindcasts covering the period 1900–2009 has been created, providing a unique tool to explore many aspects of atmospheric seasonal climate prediction. In this study we focus on two of these: multi-decadal variability in predicting the winter NAO, and the potential value of the long seasonal hindcast datasets for the emerging science of probabilistic event attribution. The existence of relatively low skill levels during the period 1950s–1970s has been confirmed in the new dataset. The skill of the NAO forecasts is larger, however, in earlier and later periods. Whilst these inter-decadal differences in skill are, by themselves, only marginally statistically significant, the variations in skill strongly co-vary with statistics of the general circulation itself suggesting that such differences are indeed physically based. The mid-century period of low forecast skill coincides with a negative NAO phase but the relationship between the NAO phase/amplitude and forecast skill is more complex than linear. Finally, we show how seasonal forecast reliability can be of importance for increasing confidence in statements of causes of extreme weather and climate events, including effects of anthropogenic climate change

Projections of northern hemisphere extratropical climate underestimate internal variability and associated uncertainty

Internal climate variability will play a major role in determining change on regional scales under global warming. In the extratropics, large-scale atmospheric circulation is responsible for much of observed regional climate variability, from seasonal to multidecadal timescales. However, the extratropical circulation variability on multidecadal timescales is systematically weaker in coupled climate 1 models. Here we show that projections of future extratropical climate from coupled model simulations significantly underestimate the projected uncertainty range originating from large-scale atmospheric circulation variability. Using observational datasets and large ensembles of coupled climate models, we produce synthetic ensemble projections constrained to have variability consistent with the large-scale atmospheric circulation in observations. Compared to the raw model projections, the synthetic observationally-constrained projections exhibit an increased uncertainty in projected 21st century temperature and precipitation changes across much of the Northern extratropics. This increased uncertainty is also associated with an increase of the projected occurrence of future extreme seasons