Service innovation challenges at the policy, industry, and firm level : a qualitative enquiry into the service innovation system

This report documents the results of an exploratory inquiry into the challenges of service innovation in Norway. It is based on 45 interviews conducted with 63 representatives of the Norwegian innovation system for service innovation reflecting the views of representatives from knowledge intensive service providers, regular service providers, capital market institutions, innovation policy system institutions and research institutions. The report first briefly reviews the challenges expected to be found when using theoretical and empirical studies of service innovation as it is reflected in the research literature. Next, it reports the methodology applied to capture the opinions of the innovation system representatives. Finally, it reports the results at three different levels; the policy level reflecting challenges in innovation policy, regulatory policy and general political decision making affecting service innovation; the industry level reflecting cross sectoral challenges at the industry level, and finally, and most importantly in this report; the business level which covers both the firm and value network levels. Our findings are organized by a framework focusing antecedents, processes, methodologies, types and effects of service innovation. We conclude that the challenges we find at the business level are rather complex and differ somewhat from what was expected from theory and considerably from those derived by market and systemic failure approaches to innovation. We conclude that the challenges at the business level should be approached with an interaction perspective on the dynamic parts of the service innovation system covering knowledge intensive service providers, capital market institutions and traditional service providers. A traditional approach to research driven innovation where the source of the innovation is found in research institutions and where innovation is stimulated through traditional innovation policy instruments does not seem to be equally appropriate in service innovation

The effects of variety and bundling on choice and satisfaction: Applications to new telecommunication and media services

The purpose of this working paper is twofold; 1)to review consumer behavior literature on how assortment variety and bundling influence choice related variables, and 2)to apply this review on an analysis of telecommunication and new services. Literature related to the characteristics of assortment/bundle, perception of the assortment/bundle, perception of the choice situation, choice, perception of the choice, and experience with the chosen option is reviewed with focus on assortment and bundling. The review is based on an open literature search using keywords as “assortment size”, “assortment variety”, “bundling” and “unbundling” in databases as ISI and Ebsco. In addition, manual reviews of references used in the articles revealed from the databases have also been used to make sure we cover as many relevant articles as possible. The articles reviewed are briefly summarized in table 1 (assortment studies) and table 2 (bundling studies). Based on the literature reviewed, the results revealed are applied in a theoretical analysis of the effects of variety and bundling on choice- and post-choice related variables in new telecommunication and media services. Six services are discussed; traditional telephony and broadband services, mobile internet services and applications, services in heterogeneous access networks, multiplay services, TV-channel network services, and online video services. The analyses focus on potential effects of assortment variety and bundling on choice and post choice related variables for each of the six services. Because regulatory authorities typically use variety to stimulate efficient competition, some regulatory issues of relevance for each of the six services are also briefly discussed. The main results from the general consumer literature review on variety and bundling is summarized. A brief summary of what seems to be the most relevant issues related to variety, bundling, and regulatory actions for the six telecommunication and media services analyzed is also presented. The review of the literature and the analyses of the six services show a significant need for research on how variety and bundling influence choice and choice related variables. A discussion of potential routes for future research together with a preliminary draft of a research model closes the discussion of this working paper

Self service technology : an overview of existing research

The purpose of this working paper is twofold. First the paper presents a review of the literature on self service technology (SST). The review categorizes the literature based on dependent variables studied in existing research. The review finds that most of the studies have focused on antecedents of attitude/intention/usage of SST, satisfaction with SST, and loyalty to SST. Also, the antecedents to each of the three main dependent variables are systemized in the review. The review shows that existing literature on SST hardly include moderating variables in the models tested. None of the articles aiming to explain loyalty to SST have included potential moderating effects in the models tested. The paper also gives an overview of potential dimensions for categorization of SST. Only a few of the articles reviewed gives insight into such dimensions. Given the limited focus on dimensions for categorization of self service technologies, the second purpose was to study how various channels vary along more general channel dimensions. A brief review of such dimensions is reported, and an exploratory study among students at Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration (NHH) is conducted illustrating how 11 channels are perceived along 16 dimensions. The results show significant differences between the channels in how they are perceived along all of the 16 dimensions studied. Finally, based on the review and the exploratory study conducted, some directions for future research are suggested

An empirical study of variety and bundling effects on choice and satisfaction : new telecommunication and media services

The purpose of this report is twofold; 1) to review consumer behavior literature on how assortment variety and bundling influence choice related variables, and 2) to present results from an empirical study investigating effects of assortment variety and bundling on choice related variables for TV and Triple play services. Literature related to the characteristics of assortment/bundle, perception of the assortment/bundle, perception of the choice situation, choice, perception of the choice, and experience with the chosen option is reviewed with focus on assortment and bundling. The review is based on an open literature search using keywords as “assortment size”, “assortment variety”, “bundling” and “unbundling” in databases as ISI and Ebsco. In addition, manual reviews of references used in the articles revealed from the databases have also been used to make sure we cover as many relevant articles as possible. The empirical study included five manipulations. First, service categories chosen are TV and Triple play services. Second, the services were offered both “a la carte” and bundled value proposition. Third, the assortments were presented in large and small size. Four, prices were also manipulated as high and low, and finally, five, lock in (subscription) were manipulated as no binding and 12 months binding. Effects of the manipulations were studied on variables such as perceived freedom of choice, choice versus no choice, satisfaction with choice, perceived regret, etc. A sample of 1509 people was recruited from a Norstat Internet panel, representing the population of Internet users in Norway. The results indicate several main effects of assortment size, price, and bundling versus “a la carte”. Some main effects were revealed for service category (TV versus Triple play) while only one main effect (on choice) was found for binding. In addition, several situational and individual factors were found to moderate the main effects. The report is closed with a summary and discussion of the results. Additionally, potentially implications of the results are proposed, pointing in particular to the importance of developing a more holistic model including mediating and moderating effects of individual and situational factors when explaining the main effects reported here

High frequency winding design for planar switch mode transformers

Switch mode power supplies as a mass produced article leave room for optimization especially at the voluminous magnetic components. Hereby planar component designs can reduce the overall height of the power supply and give it a more compact design. Since cores are available in standard sizes the optimal winding layout has to be found. Due to increased parasitic capacitance interleaving is not a good option to reduce losses in the windings at high frequency resonant power supplies. This article presents and evaluates different winding designs for resonant switch mode transformers operating in power supplies with frequencies larger than 500kHz. This article shows that the revolved parallel design performs best of the tested designs under the given conditions. In addition, the revolved design can compete with solutions as planar litz when it comes to value meaning cost and production complexity. Furthermore, the article shows the abilities of a heat measurement prototype.reviewe

Common and differential mode of dc-bias in three-phase power transformers

Dc magnetization due to the geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) systems may cause core saturation and result in serious destruction in the transformer performance as well as the power system stability. Based on susceptibility, transformers are classified into different groups. For instance, a three-phase, three-limb transformer is considered less vulnerable to effects of GIC compared to a single-phase or a three-phase, five-limb transformer. However, our study shows that such classifications do not apply to the dc magnetization caused by converter modulation. In this article, we introduce the concept of common mode and differential mode to distinguish dc-bias caused by different mechanisms. Main focus is given on differential mode dc current since it has rarely been reported in any literature. The differential mode dc current was demonstrated by system simulations of classic three-level voltage source converters as well as modular multilevel converter. Detailed experimental investigations were made on a three-phase, three-limb transformer, where the loss impact as well as reactive power consumption were studied. The test shows a significant difference in stray loss between the two modes in three-phase power transformers. Finally, we discuss the effect of delta winding on dc-bias of different modes.Common and differential mode of dc-bias in three-phase power transformerspublishedVersio

Brand and customer experience in service organizations : literature review and brand experience construct validation

Commoditization of goods and services has generated a need for providing customer value beyond functional attributes and benefits. The concepts of brand and customer experience have therefore gained increased interest among marketing scholars and practitioners. The experience literature is primarily descriptive and managerially oriented, for the most part ignoring the conceptual nature of experience, its underlying dimensions, and its relationship with other key brand concepts. Following a literature review of how brand and customer experience have been conceptualized and empirically studied, this paper presents a study with the purpose of testing a recently published brand experience scale. In addition to validating the established dimensions of the measurement scale, the study tests an additional dimension; relational experience, which is proposed as particularly relevant for service brands. The study also reports results of a test of the relationship between experience and other brand-related scales

Static and dynamic eccentricity fault diagnosis of large salient pole synchronous generators by means of external magnetic field

Although synchronous generators are robust and long-lasting equipment of power plants, consistent electricity production depends on their health conditions. Static and dynamic eccentricity faults are among the prevalent faults that may have a costly effect. Although several methods have been proposed in the literature to detect static and dynamic eccentricity faults in salient pole synchronous generators (SPSGs), they are non-sensitive to a low degree of failure and require a predefined threshold to recognise the fault occurrence that may vary based on machine configuration. This article presents a detailed magnetic analysis of the SPSGs with static and dynamic eccentricity faults by focusing on the external magnetic field. The external magnetic field was measured using two search coils installed on the backside of the stator yoke. Also, advanced signal processing tools based on wavelet entropy were used to analyse the induced electromotive force (emf) in search coils to extract the fault index. The proposed index required no threshold to recognise the starting point of fault occurrence and was sensitive to a low degree of fault. It was also non-sensitive to load variation and noise that may induce a false alarm

Legitimation of physical education as general education for lifelong joy of movement

Bacheloroppgave faglærerutdanning i kroppsøving og idrettsfagProblemstilling: I hvilken grad kan kroppsøvingsfaget legitimeres som dannelsesfag for å oppnå livslang bevegelsesglede? Metode Litteraturstudie utført med en systematisk gjennomgang av relevant faglitteratur og teori. Resultat Resultatet viser at kroppsøvingsfaget kan være med på å skape kroppslig erfaring og dannelse, og bidra som en del av allmenndannelsen. Fagets innhold, aktiviteter og egenart, læring i bevegelse, kan legitimeres for være en del en dannelse for på å skape et grunnlag for fysiske aktivtetsvaner og livslang bevegelsesglede