Visuaalinen arkeologia : Näköaloja menneisyyteen – tulevaisuudessa

Arkeologian alalla on havahduttu tarpeeseen löytää uusia näkökulmia menneisyyden sekä sen tutkimuksen esittelyyn. Moderniin visuaalisuuteen tottuneen kriittisen yleisön mielikuvat arkeologiasta pohjautuvat usein lähinnä viihteellisten tiededokumenttien ja seikkailuelokuvien tarjontaan. Tähän kuvastoon verrattuna suomalainen löytöaineisto on varsin vaatimatonta eivätkä sen perinteiset esittämistavat enää riitä puhuttelemaan uusia yleisöjä, joiden olemassaolo on tieteenalan jatkuvuuden kannalta kuitenkin välttämätöntä. Pyrin löytämään ratkaisuja tähän hankalaan yhtälöön tarkastelemalla suomalaista kivikauden esineistöä yleisön näkökulmasta graafisen suunnittelijan silmin. Tutkimalla visuaalisen viestinnän mahdollisuuksia luoda merkityksiä arkeologiseen aineistoon, sen tulkintaan ja esittelyyn pyrin samalla luomaan mielikuvaa arkeologiasta inspiroivana, mielikuvitusta kiehtovana ja modernina ihmistieteenä. Pyrin rakentamaan siltoja menneisyyden ja nykypäivän välille tuottamalla kuvakerrontaa, joka on sisällöllisesti puhuttelevaa, visuaalisesti kiinnostavaa ja tieteellisesti uskottavaa, mutta olemukseltaan rentoa ja sikäli helposti lähestyttävää. Koska arkeologian visuaalista potentiaalia on hyödynnetty kaikkiaan varovaisesti, tutkielmani tärkeimpänä tavoitteena on viestittää, että graafinen suunnittelu on tehokas väline, kun tavoitteena on pukea viesti kiinnostavaan, ymmärrettävään ja merkitykselliseen muotoon. Esineistön lisäksi tarkastelen ihmisen esittämisen tapoja menneisyyden rekonstruktiokuvituksissa, joihin olisi yleisön kiinnostuksen ja ymmärryksen kannalta tarkoituksenmukaista sisällyttää vahva emotionaalinen ja realistinen ulottuvuus. Pragmatistinen semiotiikka sekä neuropsykologinen tutkimus ovat avanneet kiinnostavia näköaloja tähän tarpeeseen inhimillisen ajattelun, ja uskomusten syvähistoriaan, josta monet ihmisyyttä luonnehtivat universaalit käyttäytymismallit ovat lähtöisin. Sovellan monitieteisessä tutkielmassani museologian ja semiotiikan teorioita luovan suunnittelun metodiikkaan. Tieteen ja taiteen rajapinnalla tasapainottelu avaa kiehtovan maailman visuaaliseen arkeologiaan, jonka tuottamiseen pop-kulttuurin monimuotoinen kuvakieli tarjoaa paitsi vaikutteita myös oikeanlaisen asenteen ja mielentilan. Vahva tulkinnallisuus ilmenee monin tavoin tutkielmassani, jota voi soveltaa mihin hyvänsä arkeologiseen aineistoon. En pyri kuitenkaan tulkitsemaan uudelleen Suomen esihistoriaa. Kannustan sen sijaan pohdiskelemaan ennakkoluulottomasti, millaista visuaalista viestintää tulisi kohdentaa kuvanlukutaitoiselle ja vaativalle yleisölle, jolla on valmius ottaa vastaan perinteisestä historiankirjoituksesta poikkeavaa kuvakerrontaa

Into the realm of social capital for adolescents: a latent profile analysis

Background Recent reports of increasing prevalence of frequent health complaints and mental health problems among adolescents call for directing more attention on determinants of adolescent health. The relationship between health and social capital has gained increased attention since the early 2000’s and research at review level confirms the importance of social capital for health outcomes, despite methodological heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to identify distinct profiles of family, school and peer social capital in a nationally representative sample of adolescents and to explore health outcomes in those profiles. Method Cross-sectional data from the Swedish Health Behaviour of School-aged Children 2013/14 was used for this study. The analytical sample consisted of 7,804 adolescents aged 11-, 13- and 15-years. Items representing sense of belonging and emotional support were assessed in three contexts; family, school and among peers. Latent profile analyses (LPA) were run to determine social capital profiles. Health outcomes included frequent health complaints and life satisfaction, while socioeconomic status and genders were included as predictors. Results The results show that five distinct profiles best represent the data for 11- and 15-year olds, while a four-profile model was optimal for 13-year olds. Some profiles were recurrent between age groups but unique profiles were also found. Health outcomes were significantly different between profiles depending on levels of social capital in the different contexts. Conclusions This study provides novel insight into how social capital co-occurs among adolescents within the contexts of family, school and peers and how this translates into differences in health outcomes. The national representativeness of the sample increases the implications of the results and contributes to meaningful insights that help explain the interactions of social capital in multiple contexts, complementing what is previously known about the relationship with adolescent health. © 2019 Ahlborg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Impacts of demand response from buildings and centralized thermal energy storage on district heating systems

\ua9 2020 The Author(s) Energy use for space heating is a substantial part of total energy end use and heating systems can offer some flexibility in time of use, which should be important in future energy systems to maintain balance between supply and demand. This work applies a techno-economic, integrated, demand-supply optimization model to investigate the combined effect of using demand-side flexibility from buildings, by allowing for indoor temperature deviations (both up- and downward from the set-point), and supply-side flexibility, by applying thermal energy storage (TES), on the operation of district heating (DH) systems. The results indicate that the potential for increased indoor temperature, i.e., demand response (DR), is concentrated to multi-family and non-residential buildings (heavy buildings with high time-constants), while the potential for downregulation of the temperature, i.e., operational energy savings, is utilized to a greater extent by single-family buildings (light buildings). It is also evident that the value of DR diminishes in the presence of a supply-side TES. We show that applying both the demand-side flexibility and a centralized TES is complementary from the heating system perspective in that it results in the lowest total space heating load of the buildings and the lowest running cost for the DH system

Generating low-voltage grid proxies in order to estimate grid capacity for residential end-use technologies: The case of residential solar PV

Due to data restrictions and power system complexity issues, it is difficult to estimate grid capacity for solar PV on regional or national scales. We here present a novel method for estimating low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar PV using publicly available data. High-resolution GIS data on demographics and dwelling dynamics is used to generate theoretical low-voltage grids. Simplified power system calculations are performed on the generated low-voltage grids to estimate residential solar PV capacity with a high temporal resolution. The method utilizes previous developments in reference network modelling and solar PV hosting capacity assessments. The method is demonstrated using datasets from Sweden, UK and Germany. Even though the method is designed to estimate residential solar PV grid capacity, the first block of the method can be utilized to estimate grid capacity or impacts from other residential end-use technologies, such as electric heating or electric vehicle charging. This method presents: • A method for estimating peak demand based on population density and dwelling type. • Generation of low-voltage grids based on peak demand. • Sizing of transformers and cables based on national low-voltage regulations and standards

Impact of electricity market feedback on investments in solar photovoltaic and battery systems in Swedish single-family dwellings

The profitability of investments in photovoltaics (PVs) and batteries in private households depends on the market price of electricity, which in turn is affected by the investments made in and the usage of PVs and batteries. This creates a feedback mechanism between the centralised electricity generation system, and household investments in PVs and batteries. To investigate this feedback effect, we connect a local optimisation model for household investments with a European power generation dispatch model. The local optimisation is based on the consumption profiles measured for 2104 Swedish households. The modelling compares three different scenarios for the centralised electricity supply system in Year 2032, as well as several sensitivity cases. Our results show total investment levels of 5–20 GWp of PV and 0.01–10 GWh of battery storage capacity in Swedish households in the investigated cases. These levels are up to 33% lower than before market feedback is taken into account. The profitability of PV investments is affected most by the price of electricity and the assumptions made regarding grid tariffs and taxes. The value of investments in batteries depends on both the benefits of increased self-consumption of PV electricity and market arbitrage

Balancing investments in building energy conservation measures with investments in district heating – A Swedish case study

We investigate the cost-optimal mix of reduction in the space heating (SH) demand in buildings, achieved through investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs), and investments in the local district heating (DH) system. The work includes three modeling scenarios, which differ with respect to SH demand reduction targets (no supply side targets) for buildings: without a target (only fuel price drives demand reduction); with a total demand reduction (for the building stock); and with a specific demand reduction (to reach a specific kWh/(m2∙y) value for individual buildings). Special emphasis is placed on the choice of ECMs in buildings. For the scenario without a target for SH demand reduction, the least-cost option is a combination of investments in ECMs, heat generation and in storage technologies, yielding a SH demand reduction of 24% already by Year 2030, and thereafter a decrease of 28% up to Year 2050. The reductions are achieved mainly through investments in ventilation heat recovery systems and insulation of roofs. The scenarios that include SH demand reduction targets give similar demand reductions of about 60% by 2050, as compared to 2020. However, the investment cost for fulfilling the specific target scenario is higher than that for the total target scenario

Estimating national and local low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar photovoltaic in Sweden, UK and Germany

The electric grid\u27s available capacity to accommodate solar photovoltaic on national scales is currently uncertain. This makes decisions about grid capacity expansion, which can be very costly for local grid operators, difficult to make. Yet, knowledge of national solar photovoltaic grid capacity is central in order to formulate realistic solar PV targets and strategies. We present a methodology based on publicly available data to estimate the grid\u27s hosting capacity of residential solar photovoltaic at both the national and local scale. The model is applied to Sweden, Germany and the UK and shows that low-voltage grid capacity for residential solar photovoltaic is very large, 33 (+5/-7) GW (Sweden), 248 (+5/-24) GW (Germany) and 63 (+1/-14) GW UK, and similar to current total generation capacity. Based on our estimations, we find that with the capacity of the present grid Sweden can supply 24%, Germany 60% and UK 21% of their current annual net electricity consumption from residential solar photovoltaic. In addition, we find that the grid-supported individual solar PV system sizes increase as population density decreases. Finally, our work highlights the importance of implementing sizing incentives for customers when installing their solar PV systems

Self-consumption and self-sufficiency for household solar producers when introducing an electric vehicle

The aim of this study was to analyse how electric vehicles (EVs) affect the levels of electricity self-consumption and self-sufficiency in households that have in-house electricity generation from solar photovoltaics (PV). A model of the household electricity system was developed, in which real-time measurements of household electricity consumption and vehicle driving, together with modelled PV generation were used as inputs. The results show that using an EV for storage of in-house-generated PV electricity has the potential to achieve the same levels of self-consumption and self-sufficiency for households as could be obtained using a stationary battery. As an example, the level of self-sufficiency (21.4%) obtained for the households, with a median installed PV capacity of 8.7 kWp, was the same with an EV as with a stationary battery with a median capacity of 2.9 kWh. However, substantial variations (up to 50% points) were noted between households, primarily reflecting driving profiles

Solar photovoltaic-battery systems in Swedish households - Self-consumption and self-sufficiency

This work investigates the extent to which domestic energy storage, in the form of batteries, can increase the self-consumption of electricity generated by a photovoltaic (PV) installation. The work uses real world household energy consumption data (measurements) as the input to a household energy consumption model. The model maximizes household self-sufficiency, by minimizing the amount of electricity purchased from the grid, and thereby also maximizing the level of self-consumption of PV electricity, i.e., the amount of PV-generated electricity that is consumed in-house. This is done for different combinations of PV installation sizes (measured in array-to-load ratio; ALR: ratio of the PV capacity to the average annual electric load of a household) and battery capacities for different categories of single-family dwellings in Sweden (i.e., northern latitudes). The modeling includes approximately 2000 households (buildings). The results show that the use of batteries with capacities within the investigated range, i.e., 0.15-100 kW h, can increase the level of self-consumption by a practical maximum of 20-50 percentage points (depending on the load profile of the household) compared to not using a battery. As an example, for a household with an annual electricity consumption of 20 MW h and a PV installation of 7 kW,,, this range in increased self-consumption of PV-generated electricity requires battery capacities in the range of 1524 kW h (actual usable capacity), depending on the load profile of the specific household. The practical maximum range is determined by the seasonality of PV generation at Swedish latitudes, i.e., higher levels of increased self-consumption are possible, however, it would require substantially larger batteries than the up to 100 kW h investigated in this work. Thus, any additional marginal increment in battery capacity beyond the range investigated results in a low level of utilization and poor additional value. Furthermore, our results reveal that when a battery is used to store PV-generated electricity in-house, self-sufficiency increases (as compared to not using a battery) by 12.5-30 percentage points for the upper range of the investigated PV capacities (ALR. of 6). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Demand response potential of electrical space heating in Swedish single-family dwellings

This paper investigates the potential and economics of electrical space heating in Swedish single-family dwellings (SFDs) to provide Demand Response (DR) for the electricity load in Sweden.A dynamic and detailed building-stock model, is used to calculate the net energy demand by end-use of a set of sample buildings taken as representative of all Swedish SFDs with electrical heating. A new sub-model optimizes the dispatch of heating systems on an hourly basis, for each representative building, minimizing the cost of electricity purchased from the hourly spot market.The analysis of the Swedish SFD buildings indicates a technical DR capacity potential of 7.3 GW, which is considerable and can be used for the management of intermittent electricity generation. This potential could also prove to be valuable in the operating reserve market. However, this requires that the DR, rather than being governed by a single hourly electricity price signal, would instead be subject to a more centralized control. The modeling shows that DR can be expected to result in up to 5.5 GW of decreased load and 4.4 GW of increased load, if applying current Swedish electricity prices. The modeling shows that DR shifts up to 1.46 TWh of electric heating, corresponding to 1% of total Swedish electricity demand. The potential savings from DR for individual SFDs is found to be low, 0.9–330 €/year, given current Swedish electricity prices