Comparative Effect Of Crude Oil Products On Nitrogen Content Of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles

The comparative effect of crude oil products was investigated using Clarias gariepinus uveniles. The fsh (average weight 100.20 ± 0.08g) was introduced inograded concentratons (2.00, 4.00, 6.00 and 8.00 ml -1) of Bonny light crude oil (BLCO), premium motor spirit (PMS) Dua purpose Kerosene (DPK) in toxic phase that lasted for two hours. Ntrogen level was estimated from both serum and blood of C. gariepinus. Result showedthat there was increase in nitrogen content of fishin the treated samples compared to control experiment. This may be due to the presence of the crude oil. The biological parameter investigated showed significant differences (

Effect of crude oil and some petroleum products on Clarias Gariepinus fingerlings (Catfish: Claridae)

Ninety (90) hatchery bred fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (mean weight: 0.96 ± 0.1g) were randomly placed in 15 plastic baths (25 litres each) at the Research laboratory and were exposed to different concentrations of oil products to determine their effects on the fish, to facilitate inferential deductions that will enhance effective aquatic environmental management. Three (3) replicate basins of 5 experimental treatments (crude oil, petrol oil, kerosene oil, engine oil and control) were used at a concentration of 1.25ml. L-1. The control experiment was devoid of oil treatment. Six (6) fingerlings were placed in each replicate basin, flooded with 20 litres of clean tap water and fed with nutrafin cichilid food, 2 times daily at 3% body weight. The results showed that the feeding behaviour and swimming performances of fish were reduced after 24 hours of the addition of the various oil pollutants. Mortality of fingerlings in the oiled basins increased as the hours of exposure increased (i.e. 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours). Recovery was not immediate in the treated basin while surviving fingerlings in the control basins grew up to post-fingerlings after 90 days (3 months). There were significant differences (P<0.01 and P<0.05) in the effect of crude oil and the petroleum products on the mortality rate of C. gariepinus when exposed to oil pollutants at 1.25ml. L-1 concentratio

Automated offspring sizing in evolutionary algorithms

Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are a class of algorithms inspired by biological evolution. EAs are applicable to a wide range of problems; however, there are a number of parameters to set in order to use an EA. The performance of an EA is extremely sensitive to these parameter values; setting these parameters often requires expert knowledge of EAs. This prevents EAs from being more widely adopted by nonexperts. Parameter control, the automation of dynamic parameter value selection, has the potential to not only alleviate the burden of parameter tuning, but also to improve performance of EAs on a variety of problem classes in comparison to employing fixed parameter values. The science of parameter control in EAs is, however, still in its infancy and most published work in this area has concentrated on just a subset of the standard parameters. In particular, the control of offspring size has so far received very little attention, despite its importance for balancing exploration and exploitation. This thesis introduces three novel methods for controlling offspring size: Self- Adaptive Offspring Sizing (SAOS), Futility-Based Offspring Sizing (FuBOS), and Diversity-Guided Futility-Based Offspring Sizing (DiGFuBOS). EAs employing these methods are compared to each other and a highly tuned, fixed offspring size EA on a wide range of test problems. It is shown that an EA employing FuBOS or DiGFuBOS performs on par with the highly tuned, fixed offspring size EA on many complex problem instances, while being far more efficient in terms of fitness evaluations. Furthermore, DiGFuBOS does not introduce any new user parameters, thus truly alleviating the burden of tuning the offspring size parameter in EAs --Abstract, page iii

Tissue analysis of Clarias gariepinus juveniles injected with different concentrations of crude oil

Aspects of tissue analysis of Clarias gariepinus juveniles (90.60 ± 0.24g) were studied following injection of different concentrations of Bonny light crude oil (BLCO). Experimental fish were injected at concentrations: 0.00, 25.00, 50.00 and 75.00 μlg-1 to test fish responses during 4 days toxicity and 42 days recovery periods. A control experiment was left with fish not injected with BLCO. A 38% crude protein diet was fed to the fish at 3% body weight per day (p.w.d-1) during the toxicity and 5% during the recovery period. The protein value (PV) increased as the BLCO concentration increased up to 75 μlg-1 at recovery phase and vis-versa at toxicity phase. This could be due to immune response mechanism which eventually dropped at recovery phase. The starch value (SV) and unsaponification values (USPV) were not affected, the saponification value (SPV) only increased between 25.00 and 0.0 μlg-1 and declined at 75 μlg-1. The decrease in values of SPV in treated fish tissues has implication on energy metabolism. Of the four tissues values (PV, SV, SPV and USPV) of fish tested, only the USPV was not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) among the fish injected with the different concentrations of BLCO. The 0 and 25 μlg-1 has the same effect on mortality rate. Similar mortality values of the fish recorded with the 25 μlg-1 BLCO and the control suggests that this oil dosage was probably inadequate to alter the mortality rates of C. gariepinus juveniles. The survival rates increased with decreasing concentration.Keywords: Tissue Analysis, Bonny Light Crude Oil, Mortality, SurvivalAnimal Research International (2012) 9(2): 1567 – 157

Effect of different concentrations of bonny-light crude oil on alanine kinase and alanine transaminase enzyme activities in Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles

The effect of exposing juveniles of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 809) (mean weight: 15.02~c:0.14g) to different concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) on alanine kinase and alanine transaminase activities were studied. The exposure of the fish to 1.00, 2.00, 4.00, 8.001L-1 BLCO and a control (0.00m1 L-1) within 4 days toxicity and 42 days recovery periods indicated that the significant increases (P<0.05; P<0.01) in the serum alanine transaminase (HCAT) activities were dependent on the BLCO concentrations. The reduced SAK and (HCAK) activities noticed within the first 14 days recovery period implied that the removal of the oil pollutant probably lowered the pressure on the SAK and HCAK to participate in the metabolism of ingested carbohydrate. The significant increases in the serum alanine transminase (SAT) and the hepatic cytosolic alanine transminase (HCAT) activities in the fish corresponded with the trend shown by the SAK and HCAK activities. Generally, the increased activities of SAK, HCAK, SAT and HCAT in H. bodorsalis juveniles in this study might be due to a shift in the carbohydrate metabolism of the fish caused probably by the crude oil exposure

Effects of crude oil and the fractions on the blood haemoglobin and neutrophil concentrations in Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles

Studies on the effects of crude oil and its fractions on the blood haemoglobin (HB) neutrophil (NP) concentration in the blood of Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles were carried out. Two study periods (toxicity and recovery) and four oil types (Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO), premium motor spirit (PMS), kerosene (DPK) and lubricating engine oil (lBO) at 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00ml were used. There were significant differences (P<0.05, p< 0.01) on the HB and NP values in blood of fish samples. The elevated values of HB levels in fish exposed to 2.00,4.00 and 8.00m1 L-1 BLCC, 2.00ml L-1 PMS and DPK; and 4.00ml L -1 LBO over the levels in the control fish were in consonance with the results of other workers. Increases in NP values in fish exposed to the four oil types (BLCO, PMS, DKP and LBO) relative to the control could be part of the immunological attempts by the fish to mobilize the body's defence mechanisms. The relatively high percent mortality and low survival of H. bidorsalis juveniles exposed to 4.00 and 8.00mlL-1 concentration of the four oil types over the other concentration implied that these concentrations were probably lethal to fish existence

Antimicrobial activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with respect to immunological response: Diclofenac sodium as a case study

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as the name implies are compounds of nonsteroidal origin, with the capability of inhibiting/reducing inflammatory response associated with tissue injury which could be as a result of physical trauma, noxious chemicals or microorganisms. There is however reason to believe that these drugs, which confound disease progression by suppressing fever, pain and attenuating some of the cardinal manifestations of inflammation in a patient actually lessen the immunologic response to bacterial infection. This seemingly paradoxical property is the birth of this mini review. This review aims at invalidating the claims that NSAIDs in general lessen the immunological response to microbial infections by examining the antimicrobial properties of diclofenac sodium, an NSAID

Assessment of groundwater quality at the Nigerian Institute for oceanography and marine research: Implication for production of aquaculture

This study was carried out to ascertain the suitability of the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research’s groundwater resources for aquaculture purposes. The samples were subjected to physico-chemical analyses and the parameters analyzed are Iron, pH, Sulphide ion Total Ammonia, Dissolved Oxygen, Alkalinity, Hardness, Salinity, Colour, Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Temperature, Taste, Odour, Total Dissolved Solids, and Nitrate. The Total Iron content of the ground water ranges from 0.1 to 0.6 mg/l, pH ranges the from 6.0 to 7.8. The Dissolved Oxygen ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l, Total Hardness ranges from 58 to 68 mg/ l, Electrical Conductivity, ranges from 0.04 to 0.06 uScm-l .Alkalinity ranges from 46 to 140 mg/l. Turbidity ranges from 40 to 68 mg/l . The quality assessment of the NIOMR waters in Lagos State indicate that all the parameters are within the acceptable range for aquacultural production except for iron content in one of the boreholes where the concentration is about 0.6 mg/l. The results generally show that the study area has enormous potential for aquaculture development.KEYWORDS: Aquaculture, Groundwater, Physicochemical parameter

The Exposure Of Heterobranchus bidorsalis Juveniles To Different Concentrations Of Bonny-Light Crude Oil And Their Effects On Amylase And Cretinine Kinase Activities

The effects of exposing Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles (14.08 ± 0.12 g) to diferent concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) on amylase and cretinine kinase activities were studied The exposure of the fsh to 1.00, 2.00, 400, 8.00 ml L-1 BLCO and a control for 4 days toxicity period indicated that the signiicant increases (P < 0.01) in the serum amylase (SRA) and the hepatic cytosolic amylase (HCA) activities in the fish were BLCO concentrations dependent. Reduced SRA and HCA activities noticed within the first 14 days o the recovery period implied thatthe removal o the oil polutant from the ambient water chemistry probably lowered the pressure on the blood serum and liver amylase enzyme to catalyse the metabolism o the ingesed carbohydrates. Signicant increases (P < 0.05) in the serum cretinine kinase (SRCK) and the hepatic cytosolic cretinine kinase (HCCK) activities in the fish also followed the pattern shown by the SRA and the HCA activities. The increased SRA, HCA, SRCK and HCCK activities in the blood serum and liver of the fish were indications o a shit in the carbohydrate metabolism due to crudeoil exposure. Keywords: Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Bonny-light crude oil, Serum, Cytosolic, Amylase, Cretinine kinase.Animal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 516-52

Relationship Between Socio-Demographic Profile, Parity and Dental Caries Among a Group of Nursing Mothers in South East, Nigeria

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk indicators of caries among nursing mothers in a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 408 nursing mothers aged 15 to 52 years who brought their children for immunization in a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Data on socio-demographic profile, parity, dental visits were collected. The presence of dental caries was recorded using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 11.0%, and the mean DMFT was 0.18. There was a statistically significant association between level of education (p&lt;0.001), past dental visit (p&lt;0.001) and the occurrence of dental caries. Caries was more prevalent in the mandibular teeth than the maxillary teeth. The left mandibular first and second permanent molars had the highest occurrence of dental caries. Missing (M) component of the DMFT index was highest and the care index was low. The significant predictors of caries among nursing mothers were fair oral hygiene and having below tertiary education. Conclusion: The prevalence of caries and the care index were both low in this study population. The significant predictors of dental caries were a tertiary level of education and poor oral hygiene. Incorporating oral health education during postnatal care can help reduce dental caries' occurrence and complications among nursing mothers in the study population