Grid models versus TIN : geometric accuracy of multibeam data processing

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Geomatics bachelor and masters program in Belgium

A 4-year curriculum degree of Licence in Geography option Land Surveying was introduced in 1990 at two Belgian academic universities: both at the Universite de Liege in the French speaking part of Belgium and at Ghent University in the Dutch speaking part of Belgium. With the BAMA revolution in 2004, this degree has been converted into a 5-year curriculum finalised into an academic "Master in Geomatics and Surveying" (Ghent University) or a "Master in Geography, option Geomatics and Geometrology" (Universite de Liege) and subsequent "Ph.D. in Geomatics and Surveying" (Ghent University). The academic bachelor degree that gives direct access to the Master curriculum without additional compulsory courses is "Bachelor in Geography and Geomatics, Main subject: Surveying" (Ghent University), that can be obtained after 3 years of study. As suggested by the title, the geomatics/surveying degree is related to geographical sciences and located in the Faculty of Sciences. On the opposite, University Colleges (also called Technical Universities) offer professional Bachelor degrees, while academic universities only offer academic Bachelor or Master degrees. In October 2014, Ghent University will start an enhanced academic Bachelor program in Geomatics that allows direct access to the profession of chartered surveyor. The paper will discuss the education experiences, student number evolution and motivation for the enhancements of the Bachelor program

The impact of supplier corporate social irresponsibility on MNEs sales performances: a consumer approach

In the early 1990s, MNEs came under public scrutiny for their irresponsible sourcing practices, after revelations that their supplier’s workers in developing countries were working under exploitative conditions. Nevertheless, irresponsible behaviour and poor working conditions in global supply chains remain contemporary issues in developing countries. Managing corporate social responsibility issues in global supply chain is an important area of research. However, research has mainly focused on the business case for CSR: determining the positive impact CSR initiatives may have on corporate performances. Contrary to the business case for CSR, this master’s thesis assumes that there is a negative relationship between supplier CSI and MNEs sales performances. The literature review of this thesis is mainly built around the corporate social responsibility literature and the attribution theory literature. The research model and related hypothesis are derived from previous research in those fields. The empirical data was collected in spring 2017 through an online self-administered vignette-based experiment survey. Walloon consumers were set as the studied population. The data collection resulted in 202 observations for each vignette. The empirical data was analysed with descriptive statistics and factor analysis and the examination of the relationships derived from the research model is done by means of structural equation modeling. In studying how consumers react to supply chain incidents and how supply chain incidents impact sales of MNEs, I find that consumers negatively react to supply chain incidents caused by irresponsible suppliers and consumers negative reactions deteriorate sales of MNEs through boycott. Those findings contribute to existing international business research by demonstrating that contrary to the business case for CSR there is a negative relationship between supplier CSI and MNEs sales performances because understanding what factors impact sales performances of MNEs and whether consumers can affect MNEs sales is key to incite MNEs to address their suppliers’ irresponsible behaviour and to eliminate CSI behaviour from supply chains. This would therefore resolve supply chain social issues and improve working conditions in supply chains. Additionally, those findings have managerial implications. Indeed, supplier CSI negative impact on MNEs sales suggest a fundamental revision of offshoring advantages and disadvantages. This paper suggest that captive offshoring is most fitted to address consumer negative reaction to supply chain incidents and related sales decrease while maintaining most of the advantages derived from offshorin