Trends in First Amendment Protection of Commercial Speech

Recent Development: The first amendment guarantees that Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. \u27 Over the past few decades, the Supreme Court has applied the first amendment to commercial speech only sporadically. The Court has vacillated between refusing to apply the first amendment, liberally extending first amendment guarantees,4 and applying limited first amendment protections to commercial speech.\u27 This expansion and contraction of first amendment protection stems partly from three factors: (1) the Court\u27s characterization of the speech at issue as commercial or noncommercial, (2) the Court\u27s perception of the relevant regulation as content-based or con-tent-neutral, and (3) the Court\u27s willingness to defer to a state\u27s judgment on the necessity of imposing a restriction on commercial speech.The Court accords commercial speech less first amendment protection than noncommercial speech and scrutinizes regulations of commercial speech more leniently than restrictions on noncommercial speech. Similarly, the Court deems content-based restrictions more invidious than content-neutral regulations and reviews the former more strictly than the latter. Finally, the greater the deference given state judgments, the greater the likelihood that the Court will uphold the regulation of commercial expression

Cognitive function in people with and without freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is common in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) which is extremely debilitating. One hypothesis for the cause of FOG episodes is impaired cognitive control, however, this is still in debate in the literature. We aimed to assess a comprehensive range of cognitive tests in older adults and people with Parkinson’s with and without FOG and associate FOG severity with cognitive performance. A total of 227 participants took part in the study which included 80 healthy older adults, 81 people with PD who did not have FOG and 66 people with PD and FOG. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological assessments tested cognitive domains of global cognition, executive function/attention, working memory, and visuospatial function. The severity of FOG was assessed using the new FOG questionnaire and an objective FOG severity score. Cognitive performance was compared between groups using an ANCOVA adjusting for age, gender, years of education and disease severity. Correlations between cognitive performance and FOG severity were analyzed using partial correlations. Cognitive differences were observed between older adults and PD for domains of global cognition, executive function/attention, and working memory. Between those with and without FOG, there were differences for global cognition and executive function/attention, but these differences disappeared when adjusting for covariates. There were no associations between FOG severity and cognitive performance. This study identified no significant difference in cognition between those with and without FOG when adjusting for covariates, particularly disease severity. This may demonstrate that complex rehabilitation programs may be undertaken in those with FOG

Correction to: The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy.

The article The hidden therapist: evidence for a central role of music in psychedelic therapy, written by Mendel Kaelen, Bruna Giribaldi, Jordan Raine, Lisa Evans, Christopher Timmerman, Natalie Rodriguez, Leor Roseman, Amanda Feilding, David Nutt, Robin Carhart-Harris, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal

Evaluation and development of pasture species for deep sandy soils in low to medium rainfall areas.

Trial 90EC1 Effect of species and maturity on dry matter production and water use of annual medic on deep sandplain soil. Location: East Chapman. All medic cultivars were preferentially grazed compared to Paros serradella which did not allow a proper comparison between the two species in the grazed treatment. 2. Poor nodulation in Harbinger due to incompatability with the current Group A inoculant (R. meliloti strain WSM 540) resulted in poor-growth-and-low-seed-yield. - 3. Water use was directly related to maturity or time taken to flower ; total water extraction (mm) = 1.48 * days to flower - 41.1 R2 = 0.85 However seed yields decreased with maturity. 3. Water use was not significantly different in grazed and ungrazed treatments. This may be a reflection of the dry spring conditions which had a greater effect on the ungrazed swards which defoliated severely under moisture stress. Trial 89GE60 Evaluation of annual medics on deep sandplain soil Location: Henville and Tenindewa Average over all lines and species, nodulated plants had five times the dry weight of unnodulated plants by July 18. All nodulation was low however subclover and murex medic had the greatest proportion of plants nodulated. The presence of a considerable compaction layer may have favoured the shallower rooting subclover cultivars, with Dalkeith and Nungarin producing significantly greater dry matter yields than most medic lines. Dry matter yields of various annual medic lines on deep yellow sandplain at Tenindewa 1990. Plots were sprayed with 400 ml/ha of 2,4 DB on 30/7 and grazed heavily between 6/8 and 20/8 to control double-gee and capeweed. All lines besides subclover failed to recover fully after this treatment, although the lines Parabinga, Z-110, Madeira and Paros appeared more tolerant than others. Before spraying the M. tornata lines had regenerated well and on average produced over 60% more dry matter by July compared to the volunteer treatment

E. B. Nutt sending a petition for his compay to receive uniforms and asking about funding for an armory for Eastport

https://digitalmaine.com/arc_me_militia/1126/thumbnail.jp

Positive Feedback Between PU.1 and the Cell Cycle Controls Myeloid Differentiation

Regulatory gene circuits with positive-feedback loops control stem cell differentiation, but several mechanisms can contribute to positive feedback. Here, we dissect feedback mechanisms through which the transcription factor PU.1 controls lymphoid and myeloid differentiation. Quantitative live-cell imaging revealed that developing B cells decrease PU.1 levels by reducing PU.1 transcription, whereas developing macrophages increase PU.1 levels by lengthening their cell cycles, which causes stable PU.1 accumulation. Exogenous PU.1 expression in progenitors increases endogenous PU.1 levels by inducing cell cycle lengthening, implying positive feedback between a regulatory factor and the cell cycle. Mathematical modeling showed that this cell cycle–coupled feedback architecture effectively stabilizes a slow-dividing differentiated state. These results show that cell cycle duration functions as an integral part of a positive autoregulatory circuit to control cell fate

Associations between mobility, cognition and callosal integrity in people with parkinsonism

Falls in people with parkinsonism are likely related to both motor and cognitive impairments. In addition to idiopathic Parkinson\u27s disease (PD), some older adults have lower body parkinsonism (a frontal gait disorder), characterized by impaired lower extremity balance and gait as well as cognition, but without tremor or rigidity. Neuroimaging during virtual gait suggests that interhemispheric, prefrontal cortex communication may be involved in locomotion, but contributions of neuroanatomy connecting these regions to objective measures of gait in people with parkinsonism remains unknown. Our objectives were to compare the integrity of fiber tracts connecting prefrontal and sensorimotor cortical regions via the corpus callosum in people with two types of parkinsonism and an age-matched control group and to relate integrity of these callosal fibers with clinical and objective measures of mobility and cognition. We recruited 10 patients with frontal gait disorders, 10 patients with idiopathic PD and 10 age-matched healthy control participants. Participants underwent cognitive and mobility testing as well as diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging to quantify white matter microstructural integrity of interhemispheric fiber tracts. People with frontal gait disorders displayed poorer cognitive performance and a slower, wider-based gait compared to subjects with PD and age-matched control subjects. Despite a widespread network of reduced white matter integrity in people with frontal gait disorders, gait and cognitive deficits were solely related to interhemispheric circuitry employing the genu of the corpus callosum. Current results highlight the importance of prefrontal interhemispheric communication for lower extremity control in neurological patients with cognitive dysfunction