A Review of Isocyanate Wood Adhesive: A Case Study in Indonesia

The use of isocyanate adhesive for the binding of wood and wood products has been increasing in Indonesia particularly for research needs since wood products bonded by glue-based formaldehyde release formaldehyde emission that have been found to have carcinogenic effect and may lead to sick house syndrome. There are at least two types of isocyanate commonly used in Indonesia, namely isocyanate cross-linker and isocyanate alone. Isocyanate cross-linker is used together with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) forming a water-based polymer-isocyanate emulsion; thus, its application using spreading technique for binding engineered wood products such as glue laminated timber (glulam) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). For isocyanate alone, because its viscosity is adequate for spraying, it is preferably used for producing wood-based panels, especially particleboard and fiberboard. In this chapter, the characteristics of both types of isocyanate usually used in Indonesia are presented. Some research studies of the authors are also provided

Analysis of the Contribution of Utilization of Non-Wood Forest Products to the Income (Case Study at Some Village Communities Around the Forest of North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia)

The contribution of forest in North Tapanuli Regency can increase the economic income of the local community through the use of Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs). Most village communities around the forests of North Tapanuli Regency have used NWFPs for generations to meet their needs. This study aims to analyze the value of the contribution of NWFPs to the income of village communities to determine the level of community dependence on these forest resources. Knowing the value of the contribution of NWFPs can be used as recommendations for policymakers to allocate increasingly scarce NWFPs and distribute the benefits of NWFPs fairly and optimally. This research was conducted in five Districts in North Tapanuli Regency considering that there are still many people who live depend on NWFPs. The research method was carried out by field observations and interviews using questionnaires, with a total sample of 98 respondents. Respondents were taken using the purposive sampling method. Respondent identification was done through the snowball technique. Data analysis of the contribution value was carried out by calculating the total income of the community, such as incomes sourced from NWFPs and other income. The results showed that the monthly income of villagers outside of NWFPs was in the range of IDR 1,000,000 – 2,000,000. Then the contribution of NWFPs to the income of villagers around the forest was 74.9% of income outside of NWFP

Editorial of the First Edition Journal of Sylva Indonesiana

This editorial is an opening remark of the first edition Journal of Sylva Indonesiana (JSI) containing the growth and development of the journal managed by Faculty of Forestry Universitas Sumatera Utara (“Fahutan USU”). In the first stage, “Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian Kultura” published by Faculty of Agriculture USU has been targeted by faculty member of “Fahutan USU” for dissemination of their research results. This journal has been accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education in 2003 consequently its scope become specific, forestry science did not include therein. Hence, at that time, Program Study of Forestry Science under management of Faculty of Agriculture USU initiated the issuing of Peronema Forestry Science Journal in 2005 in order to accommodate scope of forestry science. Unfortunately the service and production of this journal become stagnant because most of the editorial staff pursued higher education in outside Medan city and the funding for publishing and printing vanished. In 2012, with the new spirit, Program of Forestry Science re-issued the new journal called “Foresta” Indonesian Journal of Forestry. It was a pity, the production process of this journal discontinued regarding to no submission of the manuscripts. All of the research results of undergraduate students of Program Study of Forestry Science have been uploaded into Peronema Forestry Science Journal in online version since 2014. In connection with establishment of organization structure of Faculty of Forestry completely, the publishing of JSI has been started in 2018 even though the editorial works of this journal has been begin since 2017, comprise call of paper, blind-review process, correspondence with the authors, layout and editing, including upload in the journal website. Supply of the manuscripts is provided not only from undergraduate research results of Faculty of Forestry’s students but also from the outside. With the commitment of the funding from the Faculty of Forestry USU, hopefully JSI can reach the target as the national accredited journal and it can achieve the status to be a reputation journal in the field of forestry in the future

Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Ikatan Pembuluh pada Batang Kelapa Sawit (Physical And Chemical Properties Of Oil Palm Trunk Vascular Bundles)

The research objective was to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of oil palm trunk vascular bundles. Physical properties consist of dimension, moisture content, specific gravity, and cell wall specific gravity. Chemical properties consist of extractives content, lignin content, and ash material. The evaluation methods of physical properties followed the standard which applied in wood. The evaluation methods of chemical properties followed the TAPPI standard. The information of physical and mechanical properties were shown in three section of the trunk, namely bottom, middle, and peak with average of three replication. The results of physical properties were as follow: the length of vascular bundles 10.55 cm and the diameter 0.67 mm, moisture content was 11.70%, specific gravity was 0.44, and cell wall specific gravity was 0.52. The chemical properties were solubility of cold water, hot water, NaOH 1%, lignin content, and ash material were 13.4%, 15.89%, 23.62%,22.20%, and 2,12%, respectively

The Influence of Wood Species and Type of Strands Arrangement to the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Oriented Strands Board

This research was concerning in mat forming method for production of oriented strands board (OSB) in laboratory scale. There were three prototype models of OSB resulted in method applied, namely manually alignment’s model, using former device tool adopted from Nishimura’s model, and using former device made of plywood and wire’s model. From the physical and mechanical properties evaluation, the best mat of OSB was resulted in the third model, using former device made of plywood and wire

Panel products made of oil palm trunk bagasse (OPTB) and MMA (Methyl methacrylate)-styrofoam binder

The waste product left over from pressing or extracting oil palm trunk (OPT) for sugar purposes is known as oil palm trunk bagasse (OPTB). This residue contains mainly vascular bundles and small amount of parenchyma. These materials are potentially utilized for making panel products such as particleboard (OPTBparticleboard). Objective of this study was to evaluate physical mechanical properties of OPTB-particleboard. For preserving the durability, this work was intended to apply 15% mixture of methyl methacrylate (MMA) cured with Styrofoam as the binder with a ratio (w/w) of 3:1. OPTB-particleboard was made according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS A5908: 2003) with a target density of 0.75 g/cm3 and dimensions of 25 x 25 x 1 cm3. Hot pressing was a condition set at a pressure of 30 kg/cm2 and a temperature of 160 °C for 15 minutes. Physical and mechanical properties were tested according to JIS A 5908:2003 standard. The results showed that physical and mechanical properties of the OPTB-particleboard did not meet the standard. The characteristics of OPTB still easily absorb water even though MMA-Styrofoam should hinder water ingress. Additionally, the poor quality of the OPTB-particleboard was primarily due to the binder's inadequate composition. Optimum values reached when IB, MOR, and MOE were 0.026 MPa, 6.69 MPa, and 892 MPa, respectively. Based on the analysis of variance, it can be concluded that there is no influence on the bottom, middle and upper parts of the origin of the OPTB except for the MOR

The Quality Of Composite Board Made Of Waste Oil Palm Stem (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) And Recycle Polyethylene (Pe)

The main objective of this research was to find out the substitution of solid wood and it may solve environmental problem. These researches concerned on using waste of oil palm stem particle form and recycle plastic polyetyhlene (PE) as raw materials for composite board. In this research, 5% Maleic Anhydride (MAH) was added to increase compatibility and 0.75% Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP) was added to initiate the reaction of maleolation. The methods of this research followed JIS A 5908 (2003) with ratio of plastic to particle were 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30, respectively, pressed at 30 kgf/cm2 in 165°C for 15 minutes. Evaluation on physical and mechanical properties based on JIS A 5908 (2003), and the result of physical properties as follow : 1) Density met the standard at 0.77 - 0.99 g/cm, 2) The value of moisture content were below on target and the standard because of the hidrofobicity of PE, the range were 0.79 - 3.06%, 3) Thickness swelling of the board for 24 hours fulfill the standard the value were 0.44 - 2.77%. Unfortunatelly the water absorption were 2.82 - 16.19%. Mechanical properties consist of modulus elasticity (MOE), modulus rupture (MOR) and screw holding strength didn’t meet the criteria of JIS A 5908 (2003), except MOR with plastic: particle 60:40 with particle made of inner stem. Keywords: Composite board, oil palm stem, polyethylene (PE

The Quality Of Composite Board Made Of Waste Oil Palm Stem (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq) And Recycle Polyethylene (Pe)

The main objective of this research was to find out the substitution of solid wood and it may solve environmental problem. These researches concerned on using waste of oil palm stem particle form and recycle plastic polyetyhlene (PE) as raw materials for composite board. In this research, 5% Maleic Anhydride (MAH) was added to increase compatibility and 0.75% Dicumyl Peroxide (DCP) was added to initiate the reaction of maleolation. The methods of this research followed JIS A 5908 (2003) with ratio of plastic to particle were 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30, respectively, pressed at 30 kgf/cm2 in 165°C for 15 minutes. Evaluation on physical and mechanical properties based on JIS A 5908 (2003), and the result of physical properties as follow : 1) Density met the standard at 0.77 - 0.99 g/cm, 2) The value of moisture content were below on target and the standard because of the hidrofobicity of PE, the range were 0.79 - 3.06%, 3) Thickness swelling of the board for 24 hours fulfill the standard the value were 0.44 - 2.77%. Unfortunatelly the water absorption were 2.82 - 16.19%. Mechanical properties consist of modulus elasticity (MOE), modulus rupture (MOR) and screw holding strength didn’t meet the criteria of JIS A 5908 (2003), except MOR with plastic: particle 60:40 with particle made of inner stem. Keywords: Composite board, oil palm stem, polyethylene (PE

SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TEMPO-MEDIATED CELLULOSE NANOFIBRIL WITH OCTADECYLAMINE

In this study, surface modification of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical TEMPO-cellulose nanofibrils (TCNF) was obtained by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N–hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-mediated system. The carboxylate groups on TCNF surface was replaced by conjugation of octadecylamine (ODA). The conversion of the carboxylate groups on CNF into amide I and II groups was confirmed by attenuated transform reflectance-infrared (ATR-FTIR) and elemental analysis study. Further, decarboxylation of TCNF at higher temperature was hindered by the presence of amide groups resulted in the higher thermal stability of TCNF as observed by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). These results suggested the possibility of modifying surface negatively charged of TCNF with conjugated amine groups into thermally stable nanocellulose

Effect of Salt and Fresh Water Concentration on Polyisoprenoid Content in Bruguiera cylindrica Seedlings

BACKGROUND: Mangrove forest is a typical forest found along the coast or river mouth which is affected by tides and salinity. Although polyisoprenoid was widespread in the plant kingdom, the physiological roles of these compounds are not well understood, especially from mangrove plants. It is therefore essential to characterize the polyisoprenoid content under abiotic stress. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of salinity and subsequent fresh water change on polyisoprenoids concentration in Bruguiera cylindrica seedlings. METHODS: Bruguiera cylindrica planted in a greenhouse for three months under various salinity concentrations. After three months grew under variable salinity, these seedlings were then divided into two treatment groups, and grown for another three months: one continuously in a salt solution and another in fresh water to relieve salt stress. The leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings were harvested after six months of cultivation. The leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings were extracted for polyisoprenoids content and composition analyzed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: Polyisoprenoids composition under salinity and subsequent fresh water with dominating dolichols (more than 90%) were found in leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings referring type I of polyisoprenoid composition. The carbon chain length of dolichols located in the leaves and roots were ranging from C75–C100 and C75–C105, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dolichol dominated over polyprenol both in B. cylindrical leaves and roots under salinity and subsequent relief supported the previous finding on the predominance dolichols over polyprenols in mangrove plants. The present study suggested the significance of dolichols in the adaptation to cope with salt stress and or water stress