PENGARUH KONSENTRASI FLAVONOID DALAM EKSTRAK AKAR TUBA (Derris eliptica) TERHADAP KEMATIAN LARVA Aedes aegypti

Latar Belakang : Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) ditularkan oleh nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Kejadian terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan makin luas wilayah yang terjangkit. Berbagai upaya pemberantasan yang telah dilakukan yaitu dengan pengendalian vektor baik secara kimiamaupun hayati. Salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan ekstrak akar tuba sebagai pengendalian hayati.Tujuan : Mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi flavonoid dalam ekstrak akar tuba terhadap kematian larva Aedes aegypti.Metode : Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen quasi dengan desain penelitin After Only With Control Design. Subjek adalah semua larva Aedes aegypti instar III. Variabel bebas adalah konsentrasi flavonoid dalam ekstrak akar tuba, variabel terikat adalah kematian larvaAedes aegypti. Analisis data dengan uji Kruskal Wallis dilanjutkan uji Mann Whitney.Hasil : Konsentrasi 2% sudah dapat membunuh larva sebesar 100% setelah pemaparan selama 24 jam. Berdasarkan uji Kruskal Wallis dapat diketahui bahwa p value = 0,006 (p < 0,05) artinya ada perbedaan yang nyata antara kematian larva untuk tiap – tiap konsentrasi ekstrak akar tuba. Hasil Mann Whitney diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pasangan konsentrasi 0,5% - 2% dan 0,5% - 4% mempunyai nilai p value = 0,007 (p < 0,05) artinya pasangan konsentrasi tersebut menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan rata – rata kematian larva Aedes aegypti.Kesimpulan : Ada pengaruh yang bermakna berbagai konsentrasi flavonoid dalam ekstrak akar tuba terhadap kematian larva Aedes aegypti.Kata Kunci : Flavonoid, ekstrak akar tuba, larva Aedes aegypt

Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide (CO) in a Room by Coconut Shell and Durian Skin Activated Carbons

Cigarettes contain more than 4.000 elements, at least 200 of them are harmful to health. The main toxins are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO). The purpose study was to know ability of coconut shell and durian skin activated carbon as adsorbent of CO. The study was pre-experimental with randomized control group only design. Independent variables are types of activated carbon, the dependent variable is concentration of CO. The results showed the lowest in durian skin activated carbon that 29 ppm. The average CO decreased on coconut shell is 68,7 ppm, durian skin is 77,478 ppm. One way anova test to see the difference CO in various of activated carbon p value 0,0001, independent t test to see the difference CO reduction between 2 types activated carbon with p value is 0,0001. Conclusion: there is a differences adsorbtion of CO between coconut shell and durian skin activated carbon

Perbedaan Variasi Lama Simpan Telur Ayam Pada Penyimpanan Suhu Almari Es Dengan Suhu Kamar Terhadap Total Mikroba

Background; Chicken's Egg is one of animal producl coming from poultry livestock and well-known as food materials with high protein source and many people consume it. Chicken's egg quality can be in Influenced by keeping place, temperature, dampness, dirt at handling technique and eggshell. Egg can be hit by microbe pollution coming from pollution result both direct and indirect contamination. Habit of keeping chicken's egg forfew dalts al room temperature can cause the egg is easy lo be contaminated by microbe, so lhat the egg quality is easy to destroy or decay. Besides il is oflen done of keeping egg in refrigerator, expected the egg will be more durable.This research aim stok now the diffirence of keeping variation long that is0,6, l2, and l8 drys at refrigerator lemperature with room lemperature to total microbe. Method : This research is pure experiment using device of One Group Pretest - Postest. Research object counted 42 chicken's eggfor pretest is 0 day with restaling one egg so it needs 6 eggs, then as postest is 3 keeping treatment (6, 12, and l8 days), 2 measurement of lemperature (refrigerator temperature mean 40C with room temperature mean 290C) and 6 times restating. Independen variable is long save variation and temperature, dependent variable is total mikkrobe, Statistic calculation is done with SPSS l4/3 windows program Version 11 .0 using factorial test or Two Way Anova with d 0,05. Result : Mean total of microbe al refrigerator temperature with room temperature depend on keeping variation long to experience of significant dffirence to lolal microbe, P<0,05 depend on value of p seen there is significant difference al keeping variation long of chicken's egg at refrigerator temperature with room temperature to total microbe. Conclusion : Total microbe al keeping varialion long 0, 6, 12, and 18 days progressively increase signiftcantly both at refrigerator or room temperatur

Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Faktor Lingkungan Fisik terhadap Tekanan Darah, Denyut Nadi dan Tingkat Kelelahan Pekerja Bagian ARC FURNACE dan ROLLING MILL PT. Inti General Yaja Steel Semarang

Background: The existence of work efficiency can be reached with balancing work capacity and increase capacity in the working environment. One factor in the working environment that cause work inefficiency is physical factor namely heat stress, noise and lighting. The influence of physical factors are indicated by physical performance of the worker's blood pressure and fatigue level. Objective: to find out the influence of work capacity and physical factors in the working environment on the blood pressure, pulse, fatigue level of worker in Arc Furnacearea and Rolling Mill section, PT Inti General Yaja Steel Semarang. Methode: Type of the research was quasy experimental with one group pre and post test design. The population were 178 worker and 47 workers were taken in this research. Confounding factors was cigarettes, cafein, drug consumption, and nutrition status. Result: There was found differences of blood pressure before working and after working (systole; p- Wilcoxon Sign Ranks = 0,001, diatole; p- Wilcoxon Sign Ranks, = 0,003). The average before working (systole=119,7 mmHg, diastole= 84 mmHg) was higher than after working (systole=107,2 mmHg, diastole= 78,9 mmHg). There was also differences of pulse rate before working and after working (p-paired t test= 0,001). The average of pulse before working (81,5 times/minute) was lower than after working (87,5 times/minute). There was found differences of fatigue level before working and after working (p- Wilcoxon Sign Ranks=0,001). The average of fatigue level before working was measured 253,2 millisecond lower than after working (290,7 milisecond). Conclusion: There is found differences of blood pressure, pulse and fatigue level before working and after working. There are no differences of blood pressure transition, pulse transition and fatigue transition based on heat stress, noise, lighting, work capacity, cigarettes, cafein, drug consumption and nutrition status

Mapping ergonomics application to improve SMEs working condition in industrially developing countries: a critical review

In industrially developing countries (IDC), small and medium enterprises (SMEs) account for the highest proprotion of employment. Unfortunately, the working conditions in SMEs are often very poor and expose employees to a potentially wide range of health and safety risks. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 161 articles related to ergonomics application in SMEs, using Indonesia as a case study. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent of ergonomics application and identify areas that can be improved to promote effective ergonomics for SMEs in IDC. The most urgent issue found is the need for adopting participatory approach in contrast to the commonly implemented top-down approach. Some good practices in ergonomics application were also revealed from the review, e.g. a multidisciplinary approach, unsophisticated and low-cost solutions, and recognising the importance of productivity. The review also found that more work is still required to achieve appropriate cross-cultural adaptation of ergonomics application. Practitioner Summary: Despite continuous efforts in addressing ergonomics issues in SMEs of IDC, workers are still exposed to poor work conditions. We reviewed factual-based evidence of current ergonomics application to inform future strategies of ergonomics in IDC, using Indonesia as a case study

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed