Bioekologi Nyamuk Armigeres, Mansonia, Aedes, Anopheles dan Coquilletidia (Diptera: Culicidae) di Kecamatan Jebus Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Bangka Belitung is one of the provinces in Indonesia that is endemic to the disease transmitted exclusively by mosquitoes, such as filariasis, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and malaria. Limitations of information on risk factors of filariasis and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), mosquito bioecology, and the endemic environment, it has not obtained specific and efficient ways in disease control. This research aims to reveal biodiversity and mosquito bioecology in Jebus District, West Bangka Regency. This research is an explorative one. Collections of adult mosquitoes mostly obtained Armigeres subalbatus (59 individuals). Totally 115 individuals of mosquitoes collected in Jebus District were 115 individuals consisting of genera Armigeres (Ar. subalbatus, Ar. malayi, and Ar. moultoni), Mansonia (Ma. dives and Ma. annulata), Aedes (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Aedes sp.), Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia ochracea) and Anopheles (An. letifer). Collecting of larvae stage obtained two species of mosquitoes i.e. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which were found in the water / drum shelter, bathtub, used bottles and the ex-tin mined pond.Bangka Belitung merupakan salah satu provinsi di Indonesia yang endemis dengan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh tular vektor nyamuk. Beberapa kasus penyakit di antaranya adalah filariasis, demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dan malaria. Keterbatasan informasi mengenai faktor-faktor risiko kejadian filariasis dan demam berdarah dengue (DBD), bioekologi nyamuk dan lingkungan daerah endemis menyebabkan belum diperoleh cara yang spesifik dan efisien dalam pengendalian penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap biodiversitas dan bioekologi nyamuk di Kecamatan Jebus, Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksploratif. Dari hasil pengumpulan nyamuk dewasa, spesies nyamuk yang diperoleh terbanyak adalah Armigeres subalbatus (59 individu). Jumlah nyamuk yang diperoleh sebanyak 115 individu yang terdiri atas Genus Armigeres (Ar.subalbatus, Ar. malayi, dan Ar. moultoni), Mansonia (Ma. dives dan Ma. annulata), Aedes (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus dan Aedes sp.), Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia ochracea), dan Anopheles (An. letifer). Dari hasil pengumpulan jentik nyamuk, didapatkan dua spesies nyamuk yaitu Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus pada penampungan air/drum, bak mandi, botol bekas dan kolong bekas penambangan timah

Abundance and potency of Non-Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Padang Sapu-sapu, Pejem Village, Bangka

Padang sapu-sapu soil is similar with post-tin mining soil in its white sand texture and poor nutrient. One factor causes the disturbed land in Bangka Belitung islands is tin mining activity. One method to rehabilitate marginal soil is by utilizing the potential nonsymbiotic N2-fixing bacteria, which are able to fertilize the soil and is able to provide macro nutrient. This study aims to measure the abundance and potency of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in padang sapu-sapu, Pejem Village, Bangka. The site selection is determined by purposive sampling method and interviews and the samples were collected randomly. Isolation used selective media Ashby'`s Monitol Agar and Azospirillum media. Morphological characterization was conducted on isolates and a series selective test was carried out, i.e. hipersentivity test, hemolysis test, IAA phytohormone test and nitrogenase test. The study of the abundance population of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria of two different locations showed that the total bacterial population in padang sapusapu is very small compared to its lowland forest. Isolate Azotobacter sp. TH105(a) from the lowland forests is potential as natural fertilizer

Anatomical and physiological characteristics of reclamation plant on the post-mining land in Riding Panjang, Bangka

Tin mining leaves disturbed land with sandy texture, damages natural drainage and habitats, and very low water holding capacity. The enrichment of species selection criteria for revegetating tin tailing with anatomical and physiological characters is needed to facilitate decision maker to select local species suitable for revegetation and to meet the economical need of the local people in post tin mining era. Besides exotic species, a handful of local tree species was planted recently. The need of more local species is especially needed to support biodiversity in mined land. Study of some leaf anatomical and root physiological characters of twelve months seedlings of leban (Vitex pinnata L - Verbenaceae) and ubak (Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp. Myrtaceae) planted in unmined land and tin-mined land in Bangka Island was conducted using wholemount and paraffin methods. The findings showed that anatomical and physiological parameters of V. pinnata are more significant than those of S. grande. Therefore, V. pinnata is more adaptive grown on tin tailing than S. grande

Stomata of Grass in The Ex Tin-Mining Land in Bangka

Tin-mined land experiences drought, high light intensity, and temperature which is less supportive of plant growth. The study observed the anatomical responses of grasses leaves. This study aims to measure stomatal density, stomatal index, guard cell length, and guard cell width of three grass species that grow naturally in ex tin-mined land and in undisturbed land. Description method carried out based on the paradermal incision resulted in the wholemount method. The results showed each grass species has a different response to their different habitats. The stomatal density of Imperata cylindrica and Paspalum conjugatum collected from ex tin-mined land were higher than to those plants collected from undisturbed land, however the stomatal density in Scleria levis showed the opposite result. Stomatal index of all three species increases in ex tin-mined land were higher than in undistributed land. Guard cell lengths of I. cylindrica and P. conjugatum were smaller than those in undistributed land, but Scleria levis showed the opposite result. Guard cell width of I. cylindrica and S. levis were wider than those in undistributed land, but P. conjugatum showed the opposite result. These responses may reflect their adaptiveness to tin soils

Bioekologi Nyamuk Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) di Kecamatan Jebus Kabupaten Bangka Barat

Bangka and Belitung region has under 887 collong consisting of 544 under the island of Bangka, and as many as 343 underneath Belitung Island. It has the potential to become a mosquito breeding location in West Bangka, the highest rate of illness with mosquito vector (malaria, DBD, filariasis) is owned by Jebus District. Allegedly this is related to the location of residential communities close to under. The purpose of this research is to know the diversity and bioecology of Culex mosquito in Jebus Subdistrict, West Bangka Regency. This research was conducted in November 2016 - June 2017. This research is an explorative research consisting of several activities, namely: 1) Habitat Observation, 2) Mosquito Sampling, 3) Larvae Maintenance, 4) Mosquito Identification, and 5) Data Analysis . Based on the results of this study found at least 10 types of Culex mosquitoes in Jebus District. Ten types are Cx. nigropunctatus, Culex sp, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. mimulus, Cx. sitiens, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. hutchinson, Cx. foliatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The highest relative abundance value in the three species is Cx. quinquefaciatus (0.29%), Cx. nigropunctatus (0.16%), Culex sp. (0.18%). Cx. quinquefasciatus has a blood-sucking peak at 18:00 to 19:00, 20.00.21.00 and 23.00-24.00.Wilayah Bangka dan Belitung memiliki kolong sebanyak 887 kolong yang terdiri dari 544 kolong di Pulau Bangka, dan sebanyak 343 kolong di Pulau Belitung. Kolong tersebut berpotensi menjadi lokasi perindukan nyamuk di Bangka Barat, angka kesakitan penyakit dengan vektor nyamuk (malaria, DBD, filariasis) tertinggi dimiliki oleh Kecamatan Jebus. Diduga hal ini berkaitan dengan lokasi pemukiman warga yang dekat dengan kolong. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan bioekologi nyamuk Culex di Kecamatan Jebus, Kabupaten Bangka Barat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan November 2016 – Juni 2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksploratif yang terdiri atas beberapa kegiatan, yaitu: 1) Pengamatan Habitat, 2) Pengumpulan Sampel Nyamuk, 3) Pemeliharaan Larva, 4) Identifikasi Nyamuk,  dan 5) Analisis Data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini ditemukan sedikitnya 10 jenis nyamuk Culex di Kecamatan Jebus. Sepuluh jenis tersebut yaitu Cx. nigropunctatus, Culex sp, Cx. quinquefaciatus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. mimulus, Cx. sitiens, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. hutchinson, Cx. foliatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Nilai kelimpahan nisbi tertinggi pada tiga spesies diantaranya, Cx. quinquefaciatus (0,29%), Cx. nigropunctatus (0,16%), Culex sp. (0,18%). Cx. quinquefasciatus memiliki puncak menghisap darah pada pukul 18.00-19.00, 20.00.21.00 dan 23.00-24.00

Can anatomical and physiological characters predict plant adaptation on tin-mined land in Bangka Island?

In the last decade, a handful of local tree species were planted on the tin-mined land in Bangka Island to support biodiversity and to meet the economical need of the local people in post tin-mining era. Exotic species have been used predominantly since revegetation was mandatory in Bangka Belitung islands in 1992. Some leaf anatomical and root physiological characters of five year saplings of ubak (Syzygium grande), penaga (Calophyllum inophyllum), and leban planted in unmined land and tin-mined land were studied to enrich local tree selection. Stomatal density, epidermal cells thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade and spongy mesophyll thickness, root conductivity and root conductivity ratio, chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, and plant height, stem diameter and canopy area of those species were measured. Based on the anatomical and physiological measurements, the best adapted species was V. pinnata, followed by C. inophyllum and then S. grande. Morphological measurements, however, show that the best performance was S. grande, C. inophyllum and V. pinnata. Further study is required to validate this result by assessing the transpiration rate of those species that are grown on mined and unmined lands and by measuring the free proline concentration

Managing the socio-economic impact of tin mining on Bangka Island, Indonesia - preparation for closure

Tin mines in the Bangka Belitung Islands have been exploited for about a hundred years. Following the issuance of a 1999 Ministry of Trade and Industry decree that tin is not an export item to be monitored and regulated, the Bangka regent issued a decree giving permission for the people to mine tin in 2001. Consequently, “unconventional mines” (tambang inkonvensional), the term used to describe local small-scale tin mines, have expanded significantly since 2000. Bangka Island has a surface of 11,900 km2 and is mainly lowland below 50 m with some hills up to 700 m; climatic differences within the island are small. Its climate is hot and wet with an average annual rainfall of approximately 2,400 mm. Mining activities are spread across the island and run by one publicly listed tin mining company, dozens of private companies and thousands artisanal mining groups. Tin mining activities increase the wealth of the people, but they decrease environmental stability. Offshore mining has reduced water quality as total soluble solids have increased and pH decreased; changes in the seabed have caused changes in benthic flora, fauna and plankton diversity and an increased mortality index of coral reefs and their associated fish. The number of fish caught in the offshore mining site has decreased. Inland mining activity has reduced soil fertility and flora and fauna diversity. Inland mining has reduced the number of individuals, species and plant families. In some areas, illegal mining causes floods in the rainy season and damages roads and bridges. Socio-economic secondary data were collected from various sites on Bangka Island through a literature review. In addition to inadequate commitment and political will on the part of the local and national governments, a low level of law enforcement seems to be a dominant factor in the low environmental awareness. These findings may be used to accelerate the mine closure program started by the largest tin mining company. This paper illustrates some opportunities and alternatives

Some physiological characteristics to estimate species potential as a mine reclamation ground cover

In finding what physiological characteristics can be used to predict ground cover success on mine reclamation sites, 14 herb and grass species were tested. Establishment and early growth was tested on three different soils, ie vermiculate and quartz sand mixture, quarry overburden and coal mine overburden in a greenhouse. The results indicate that plant height and cover, transpiration rate and foliar pigments may be used to select plant adaptability to mined soil. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) showed the greatest potential as ground cover for mined soils. Species most widely used in reclamation tended to be perennials of moderate rate

Short Communication: The diversity of butterflies (Superfamily Papilionoidea) as a success indicator of tin-mined land revegetation

Some former tin-mining areas in Belitung District have been revegetated. With the increase of vegetation age, the environmental quality changes, and so does the diversity of insects living in the vegetated areas. The objective of this study was to propose the use of butterfly diversity as a success indicator of tin-mined land revegetation. The research was conducted at six locations in Belitung District, consisting of one tin-mined land that had not been revegetated, four revegetated tin-mined lands with different ages of vegetation, namely 1-5 years, 5-10 years, 10-20 years, more than 20 years, and primary forest in Gunung Tajam. The research used the Pollard walk method and specimens were obtained using insect nets. The results showed that the highest diversity of butterflies was recorded in primary forest (31 species), followed by vegetated mined lands with the following ages of vegetation: > 20 years (21 species), 10-20 years (15 species), 5-10 years (14 species ), and 1-5 years (7 species), and the lowest diversity was found in tin-mined land that had not been revegetated (2 species). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in tin- mined land that had not been revegetated was low, namely 0.56 while in the revegetated tin mined land was medium, i.e., 1.47 – 2.96 and in primary forest was high, i.e., 3.2. The diversity of butterflies in revegetated land increased with the increasing age of vegetation, and the community similarity index between revegetated land and forest also increased with the increasing age of vegetation. Therefore, the diversity of butterflies may be used as a success indicator of revegetation in former tin mining areas

Flora of Bangka- A Preliminary Check List

The island of Bangka is located to the east of Sumatra. The island was well known for white pepper production in the past and, together with Belitung, is the second largest tin producer in the world. It has a surface area of 11,700 km and is mainly lowland below 50 m with some hills at 400–700 m. It has a type-A climate, with an average daily temperature of 23–32°C, and an average annual rainfall of approximately 2,400 mm. Bangka is in Riau Pocket which has a specific flora. Primary and secondary data, mostly in the last ten years, were collected from various sites across the island. They record up to 1,200 species of nearly 200 families of terrestrial, aquatic, mangrove, and offshore plant species. Approximately 500 tree species, 180 shrub, and more than 300 herb species are listed, besides bryophytes and ferns, algae and seagrass species