Habitat Preferences, Distribution and Anatomy of the Clasping-Leaved Pondweeds of Turkey

DergiPark: 746096trkjnatClasping-leaved Potamogeton L. species growing in Turkey are P. praelongus Wulfen and P. perfoliatus L. There exists no detailed study about distribution, habitat requirements, and anatomical properties of the Turkish populations of the two species. Potamogeton perfoliatus is widespread throughout the country but P. praelongus was recorded only from a single locality. Therefore, P. praelongus is rare and endangered in Turkey. In this study, we recorded presence of P. perfoliatus in 54 wetlands based on examination of 86 herbarium specimens. Physical and chemical parameters of the water bodies where the two species occur were measured from 24 sites for P. perfoliatus and from one site for P. praelongus. According to our findings, P. praelongus grows in an alpine lake with oligotrophic, calcareous and alkaline water. Potamogeton perfoliatus occupies diverse habitats but prefers deep lentic water bodies with high pH and low salinity levels. Stem anatomy of the species were studied based on three individuals for P. praelongus and 35 individuals for P. perfoliatus. Morphological features of the species were also investigated and descriptions based on Turkish material were prepared. We provided the distinguishing anatomical and morphological characters between the species. Our anatomical findings showed that P. praelongus specimens have eight vascular bundles in contrast to previous reports on the species. Our results can be used for future monitoring of the two submerged Potamogeton species as we provide detailed information about their current distribution pattern and habitat features.Türkiye’de yetişen gövdeyi saran yapraklı Potamogeton L. türleri P. praelongus Wulfen ve P. perfoliatus L.’tur. Bugüne kadar bu türlerin dağılımı, habitat tercihleri ve anatomik özellikleriyle ilgili detaylı çalışmalar yoktur. Potamogeton perfoliatus ülke çapında yaygın bir türdür ancak P. praelongus sadece bir lokaliteden kaydedilmiştir. Bu nedenle P. praelongus Türkiye’de nadir ve tehdit altındadır. Bu çalışmada 86 herbaryum örneğine dayanarak P. perfoliatus’u 54 sulak alandan kaydettik. Türlerin yetiştiği suların fiziksel ve kimyasal parametreleri P. perfoliatus için 24 noktadan, P. praelongus için bir noktadan ölçülmüştür. Bulgularımıza göre, P. praelongus oligotrofik, kalkerli ve alkali alpin bir gölde yetişmektedir. Potamogeton perfoliatus çok farklı habitatlarda bulunmakla birlikte, yüksek pH, düşük tuzluluk değerlerine sahip, derin ve durgun suları tercih etmektedir. Türlerin gövde anatomileri P. praelongus için 3 birey, P. perfoliatus için ise 35 bireyden örnek alınarak incelenmiştir. Türlerin morfolojik özellikleri de araştırılmış ve Türkiye’den toplanan materyallere dayalı olarak betimler hazırlanmıştır. Türler arasındaki ayırt edici anatomik ve morfolojik karakterler verilmiştir. Anatomi bulgularımız P. praelongus’un önceki bazı çalışmalara aykırı olarak sekiz iletim demetine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada türlerin güncel dağılım ve habitat tercihleriyle ilgili sunduğumuz kapsamlı bulgular iki batık Potamogeton türünün gelecekte izlenmesinde faydalı olacaktır

Mass Taxon-Sampling as a Strategy towards Illuminating the Natural History of Campanula (Campanuloideae)

Speciose clades usually harbor species with a broad spectrum of adaptive strategies and complex distribution patterns, and thus constitute ideal systems to disentangle biotic and abiotic causes underlying species diversification. The delimitation of such study systems to test evolutionary hypotheses is difficult because they often rely on artificial genus concepts as starting points. One of the most prominent examples is the bellflower genus Campanula with some 420 species, but up to 600 species when including all lineages to which Campanula is paraphyletic. We generated a large alignment of petD group II intron sequences to include more than 70% of described species as a reference. By comparison with partial data sets we could then assess the impact of selective taxon sampling strategies on phylogenetic reconstruction and subsequent evolutionary conclusions

On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers

The sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were analysed for 28 representatives of Lilium, one Nomocharis species and three outgroup taxa of Lilieae (Notholirion, Fritillaria and Cardiocrinum). 17 of the 20 members of Lilium sect. Liriotypus were included. A maximum parsimony analysis was carried out for the phylogenetic reconstruction. The results are not completely congruent with sectional delimitations of L. sect. Liriotypus based on morphological characters. They confirm the previous suggestion that L. sect. Liriotypus is monophyletic only if L. bulbiferum is excluded and placed in L. sect. Sinomartagon. The monophyly of the remaining L. sect. Liriotypus receives good support from bootstrap analysis. It can be divided into two groups, one comprising NE Turkish-Caucasian species and another the European species, L. candidum and the two Turkish endemics L. ciliatum and L. akkusianum. The results also show that L. ponticum cannot be included within the so-called L. carniolicum group of lilies

Genetic relationships among NE Turkish Lilium L. (Liliaceae) species based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting was used to study species boundaries in six closely related NE Turkish Lilium (Liliaceae) taxa of the section Liriotypus. The investigated taxa were L. ciliatum, L. akkusianum, L. ponticum, L. kesselringianum, L. armenum, and L. szovitsianum. Of the 108 primers screened, 11 provided polymorphic and reproducible bands. A total of 93 polymorphic bands were scored for 122 individuals from 18 populations of the six Lilium taxa and principle coordinate analysis and neighbour-joining cluster analysis based on these RAPD profiles were performed. The results demonstrate a clear distinction between the two species L. ciliatum and L. akkusianum, and the other four species. While populations of the two species groups are found to be allopatrically distributed, the two species groups overlap in their geographical ranges. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that nearly half of the total molecular variance is found within the individual populations and that the molecular variance among species is as high as the variance within the individual species, indicating that genetic differentiation of the species is rather weak

Characteristics of the respective phylogenetic analyses for the three datasets (D088, D101, and D680).

<p>BS = bootstrap, JK = jackknife, pp = posterior probability.</p

Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680).

<p>Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clade Cam17. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Pictures are representative specimens for clade 17 (clockwise from upper left: <i>Campanula latifolia</i>, <i>C. incurva</i>, <i>C. spicata</i>, and <i>C. barbata</i>). All photos from Guilhem Mansion.</p

Chronogram of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680) inferred from the penalized-likelihood method implemented in r8s, and dated using one fossil constraint (yellow spiral).

<p>The yellow box refers to the time span between the stem and crown node of <i>Campanula</i> s.lat. Clades are represented by triangles proportional in size to the number of included accessions. Gray triangles indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue triangles refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). White bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the respective node ages (blue: crow ages; white: stem ages). An asterisk indicates nodes for which CI could not be calculated. Ma = Mega Annuum or Million years; LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.</p

Overview of the sampling strategy.

<p>The circular cladogram represents the Maximum Parsimony strict consensus tree inferred from the mass sampling (MS, D680). Dotted lines (red) indicate accessions sampled for the classification-guided sampling (CS, D088). Asterisks refer to accessions sampled for the phylogeny-guided sampling (PS, D101). Blue dots indicate crown groups for the respective "Cam" clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae.</p

Maximum Parsimony Strict consensus tree of <i>Campanula</i> and relatives (D680).

<p>Part of the cladogram showing detailed relationships for clades Cam13 to Cam16. Values below branches indicate bootstrap support for the sustained clades. Gray boxes indicate the respective outgroup and sister clades; blue boxes refer to “Cam” clades containing at least one accession of <i>Campanula</i> (Cam01 to Cam17; see text). A blue dot indicates the crown node of <i>Campanula</i> s.lat. Pictures are representative specimens for clades Cam13 (<i>Campanula asperuloides</i>), Cam14 (<i>Campanula draboides</i>), Cam15 (<i>Azorina vidalii</i>), and Cam16 (<i>Campanula macrostyla</i>). All photos from Guilhem Mansion, except Cam13 (Georgia Kamari & Dimitrios Phitos) and Cam16 (Galip Akaydin).</p

Branch support and age estimates for selected outgroups, sister clades, and main <i>Campanula</i> clades (CAM01 to CAM17) discussed in this study.

<p>LOBE = Lobelioideae; CYPHI: Cyphioideae; CA-CYA: Campanuloideae-Cyanantheae; CA-WAH: Campanuloideae-Wahlenbergieae. MP_BS = Bootstrap values obtained under the Maximum Parsimony criterion; MP_JK = Jackknife values obtained under the Maximum Parsimony criterion; BI = posterior probability values obtained under Bayesian Inference; ML_BS = Bootstrap values obtained under the Maximum Likelihood criterion; S = Stem node; C = Crown node.</p