The Formulation of Carefulness Principle in the Local Regulation of Regional Spatial Order Plan based on Life Environment Sustainability in Maluku Province

The formulation of carefulness principle in the Local Regulation of RegionalSpatial Order Plan based on life environment sustainability in Maluku Province canbe elucidated as follows. First, the formulation of carefulness principle in LocalRegulation of Regional Spatial Order Plan based on life environmentsustainability in Maluku Province has emphasized upon carefulness principlestated in Article 2f UUPPLH and its explanation, and Article 3Government Regulation No. 21 of 2005 and its explanation. Second, theauthor has reformulated Article 52 Verses (3f), (4a), (5c), (6d) and (7a)into Local Regulation of Regional Spatial Order Plan No. 16 of 2013 forMaluku Province

MEMAHAMI KEDUDUKAN DAN KAPASITAS HUKUM ADAT DALAM POLITIK PEMBANGUNAN HUKUM NASIONAL

Indonesia telah dikenal sebagai negara yang memiliki keragaman budaya, tercermin dari kekayaan budaya yang meliputi kebhinnekaan suku bangsa, agama, bahasa, dan juga keragaman stratifikasi kehidupan sosial masyarakatnya. Motto Bhinneka Tunggal Ika merupakan refleksi empirik dari keragaman kehidupan sosial dan budaya yang membentuk identitas bangsa Indonesia. Hukum adat adalah salah satu dari produk budaya bangsa Indonesia, khususnya kebudayaan idiil, yang membentuk identitas hukum asli masyarakat Indonesia. Dalam kaitan dengan kebijakan pembangunan hukum nasional semestinya hukum adat menjadi referensi yang patut diperhitungkan untuk memperkaya substansi hukum nasional, karena fakta kemajemukan hukum dalam masyarakat adalah keniscayaan yang tidak dapat dipungkiri dalam dalam kehidupan hukum di Indonesia. Artikel ini mencoba untuk memberi pemahaman yang lebih holistik mengenai kedudukan dan kapasitas hukum dalam kebijakan pembangunan hukum nasional dalam negara dan bangsa yang bercorak kemajemukan budaya.Indonesia has been well known as a multicultural country inSoutheast Asiaregion in term of its ethnic, religion, racial and social stratification. It is, therefore, Unity in Diversity is reflected as an official motto of the State in order to describe the empirical social and cultural diversity ofIndonesia. The diversity refers to a cultural configuration which reflect the Nation identity ofIndonesia, forming elements of cultural capital as well as cultural power that generate the life of Nation State of Indonesia. In the effort of National Law development then questioned whether the existence of adat law as living law and product of culture can be accounted as instrument for enriching substance of National Law? The article attempts to offer answer of the above fundamental question by employing legal anthropology approach with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding holistically regarding the development of National law in multicultural country toward a more just and equitable of State law ofIndonesiain particular

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RECOGNITION OVER TRADITIONAL ADAT COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY OF INDONESIA : IS IT A GENUINE OR PSEUDO RECOGNITION?

Indonesia is well known as a multicultural country in Southeast Asia in term of its ethnic,religion, racial and social stratification. It is Unity in Diversity, which is reflected in the officialmotto of the State to describe the social and cultural diversity of Indonesia. The diversity refers to a cultural configuration which reflects the National identity of Indonesia, containing cultural capital and cultural power. However, cultural diversity yields conflict that could potentially generate social disintegration due to inter-ethnic and inter-religious disputes that may result in the disintegration of Indonesia as a Nation State. In the eyes of legal anthropologists, sources of conflicts are based on discriminatory policies expressed within State’s law and legislations in line to the recognition and protection the existence of local communities, namely traditional adat communities spread out in the region. Thus, State laws enacted and enforced by the Government tend to dominate and marginalize as well as ignore the rights of the local communities particularly over access and control natural resources they based on customary adat law in the region. The paper attempts to offer an answer to the fundamental question whether the 1945 Constitution recognise and protect the traditional communities and their customary adat law by employing a legal anthropological approach with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding regarding the development of State lawin a multicultural Nation toward a more just and equitable State law of Indonesia.Keywords : Multicultural, Unity in Diversity, Conflict, Anthropological Approac

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RECOGNITION OVER TRADITIONAL ADAT COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY OF INDONESIA: IS IT A GENUINE OR PSEUDO RECOGNITION

Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara multikultural di Asia Tenggara dalam faktor etnis, agama, ras dan stratifikasi sosial. Hal ini Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, yang tercermin dalam semboyan resmi negara untuk menggambarkan keragaman sosial dan budaya Indonesia. Keragaman mengacu pada konfigurasi budaya yang mencerminkan identitas Nasional Indonesia, mengandung modal budaya dan kekuatan budaya. Namun, keragaman budaya menghasilkan konflik yang berpotensi menghasilkan disintegrasi sosial akibat perselisihan antar-etnis dan antar agama yang dapat mengakibatkan disintegrasi Indonesia sebagai Bangsa. Pandangan dari antropolog hukum, sumber konflik didasarkan pada kebijakan diskriminatif yang menyatakan bahwa hukum negara dan peraturan perundang-undangan sesuai dengan pengakuan dan perlindungan eksistensi masyarakat lokal, yaitu masyarakat adat tradisional tersebar di wilayah tersebut. Dengan demikian, undang-undang negara disahkan dan diberlakukan oleh emerintah cenderung mendominasi dan meminggirkan serta mengabaikan hak-hak masyarakat lokal, khususnya atas akses dan kontrol sumber daya alam mereka bergantung berdasarkan hukum adat di wilayah tersebut. Penulisan ini mencoba untuk menawarkan jawaban atas pertanyaan mendasar apakah UUD 1945 mengakui dan melindungi masyarakat tradisional dan hukum adat mereka dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi hukum dengan tujuan mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai perkembangan hukum negara dalam negara multikultural menuju hukum yang lebih adil dan merata di Negara Indonesia.Indonesia is well known as a multicultural country in Southeast Asia in term of its ethnic, religion, racial and social stratification. It is Unity in Diversity, which is reflected in the official motto of the State to describe the social and cultural diversity of Indonesia. The diversity refers to a cultural configuration which reflects the National identity of Indonesia, containing cultural capital and cultural power. However, cultural diversity yields conflict that could potentially generate social disintegration due to inter-ethnic and inter-religious disputes that may result in the disintegration of Indonesia as a Nation State. In the eyes of legal anthropologists, sources of conflicts are based on discriminatory policies expressed within State’s law and legislations in line to the recognition and protection the existence of local communities, namely traditional adat communities spread out in the region. Thus, State laws enacted and enforced by the Government tend to dominate and marginalize as well as ignore the rights of the local communities particularly over access and control natural resources they depend on based on customary adat law in the region. The paper attempts to offer an answer to the fundamental question whether the 1945 Constitution recognises and protects the traditional communities and their customary adat law by employing a legal anthropological approach with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding regarding the development of State law in a multicultural Nation toward a more just and equitable State law of Indonesia

SUSTAINABLE CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT: THE FATE OF BALINESE ADAT VILLAGE POSTERIOR THE ENACTMENT OF LAW NUMBER 6 YEAR 2014 CONCERNING VILLAGE

Pengakuan keberadaan masyarakat adat sangat tergantung pada kehendak pemerintah yang berkuasa. Pemerintah Desa sebagaimana dirumuskan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 43 Tahun 2014 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 telah secara alami menjadi hukum birokrasi dan pejabat bahwa desa diatur dalam sistem pemerintah daerah di bawah pengawasan hukum negara. Dalam kasus Bali dan pemerintah daerah Bali, terdapat konsekuensi hukum dengan nasib dan masa depan keberadaan dan kehidupan desa adat/desa pakraman sebagai sistem sosial dan budaya masyarakat Hindu, yaitu hukum berdasarkan dari pakraman pembangunan desa adat/desa tidak akan tetap menjadi awig-awig sebagai hukum adat masyarakat tradisional Bali; filsafat dan esensi, fungsi dan peran desa adat/desa pakraman berubah secara fisik serta mengakhiri dan hilangnya komunitas kehidupan masyarakat Bali; adat tradisional dan sistem pemerintahan harus berubah sesuai dengan sistem pemerintahan desa dinas (Kelurahan); di satu desa sisi adat/desa pakraman harus mengatur urusan administrasi dan birokrasi di bawah struktur pemerintah daerah, dan di sisi lain desa adat adalah pada saat yang sama yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengatur dan bertanggungjawab tentang budaya, tradisi dan ritual adat serta sebagai urusan agama Hindu, pemandangan desa pakraman adat/desa harus benar-benar diabaikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari desa Bali dan masyarakat.The recognition of indigenous peoples existence is very dependent on the will of the Government. The village government as formulated in Act number 6/2014 of the village, as well as Government Regulation number 43/2014 about Implementation of the Act number 6/2014 has naturally become a bureaucratic and legal officials law, that the village is set in the system of local government under the supervision of State law. In the case of Bali and the local Government of Bali, there is legal consequences with the fate and the future existence and life of indigenous village/pakraman village as a social and cultural system of the Hindu society, it is the law on the development basis of the indigenous village/pakraman village will not remain be ”the awig-awig” as Balinese traditional society customary law; philosophy and the essence, function and role of the indigenous village/pakraman village changed physically as well as community life of Balinese people loss; traditional customs and Government system should be changed in accordance with the system of the village Government; on one side the customs affairs village should organize pakraman village administration and bureaucracy under the structure of local governments, and on the other hand the indigenous village is at the same time responsible to organize and responsible about the culture, traditions, customs and ritual as Hindu affairs, village understanding of pakraman village customs and traditions should be completely ignored in Balinese village daily community life

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL RECOGNITION OVER TRADITIONAL ADAT COMMUNITY WITHIN THE MULTICULTURAL COUNTRY OF INDONESIA : IS IT A GENUINE OR PSEUDO RECOGNITION?

Indonesia is well known as a multicultural country in Southeast Asia in term of its ethnic,religion, racial and social stratification. It is Unity in Diversity, which is reflected in the officialmotto of the State to describe the social and cultural diversity of Indonesia. The diversity refers to a cultural configuration which reflects the National identity of Indonesia, containing cultural capital and cultural power. However, cultural diversity yields conflict that could potentially generate social disintegration due to inter-ethnic and inter-religious disputes that may result in the disintegration of Indonesia as a Nation State. In the eyes of legal anthropologists, sources of conflicts are based on discriminatory policies expressed within State’s law and legislations in line to the recognition and protection the existence of local communities, namely traditional adat communities spread out in the region. Thus, State laws enacted and enforced by the Government tend to dominate and marginalize as well as ignore the rights of the local communities particularly over access and control natural resources they based on customary adat law in the region. The paper attempts to offer an answer to the fundamental question whether the 1945 Constitution recognise and protect the traditional communities and their customary adat law by employing a legal anthropological approach with the purpose of obtaining a better understanding regarding the development of State lawin a multicultural Nation toward a more just and equitable State law of Indonesia.Keywords : Multicultural, Unity in Diversity, Conflict, Anthropological Approac

PRIORITY RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WITH RESPECT TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

This research is aimed to find out and analyse priority rights of existing indigenous people in accordance with Article 19 Paragraph (2) of Act Number 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism. Significant tourism development could help increase the revenue of indigenous people. This research employed normative method where statute, conceptual and several other approaches were employed in the research. The legal research materials used involved Acts, books, glossaries, encyclopedia, and others. The result of the research reveals that the priority rights of indigenous people exist only to meet the need of materials as the right of workers, consignment agreement, and management while there are still some other rights in terms of religious values, cultural indigenous values, rights to preserve the environment and to preserve natural resources. On the other hand, the regulation in Article 19 Paragraph (2) is not supported by Article 53 and Article 54 stating that those in charge of managing tourism industries are those officially certified by the Department of tourism and business certification body. In other words, the priority rights have not been perceived by those as addressed, as the articles mentioned are regarded incomplete in terms of their norms (incompleteness of norm); there is no further explanation either in the government regulation or in other forms of regulation, leading to the urgency of legal interpretation to implement it. Keywords: priority right, indigenous community, tourism.