Effect of Bicarbonate, Iron, and Salt, on Lipid Productivity of Chlorella sp. Extracted by Osmotic Shock Method

Fossil energy depletion in Indonesia can not be neglected. It is needed renewable energy that environmental friendly and meets demand consumption. One of promising biofuel in Indonesia is biodiesel. However lack of feedstock is main problem due to increasing of customer needs. Chlorella sp. is kind of microalgae that potential for biodiesel source. This research is purposed to optimize influence of bicarbonate, iron, and salt in growth, biomass, and lipid productivity of Chlorella sp. The research was done in 2^3 factorial design in 6 days. Cultivation was maintained in pH 6,2-7,4 and 6000 lux light intensity. Extraction was done by osmotic shock method using wet biomass. Result indicates that addition of bicarbonate and iron give possitive effect on lipid productivity. Addition of salt give possitive effect on biomass and growth rate

Potency of Microalgae as Source of Functional Food in Indonesia (Overview)

Malnutrition in Indonesia continues to increase. It is needed to develop functional food source that is capable to be produced in rapid, feasible, sustainable, and meets the nutritional needs for the country. Microalgae is a type of single-celled plants, live in water by using photosynthesis to produce biomass. Microalgae such as Spirulina platensis has a high protein content. It also contains vitamins and pigments that is useful to the body. The potential of microalgae production in Indonesia is high considering that Indonesia passed the equator and has a supporting environment. Trends in the future, it is expected Indonesia could produce microalgae at high mass scale, at a cheap price and can be applied in everyday life

Production of solketal (2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol) from glycerol and acetone by using homogenous acidic catalyst at the boiling temperature (preliminarry study)

Currently, solketal is produced from glycerol and acetone by using heterogeneous catalyst. However, a solid heterogeneous catalyst is not preferable since water contained in the glycerol, is adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst. Water could act as inhibitor in the reaction and lowering the activity of the catalyst. Therefore, homogenous acid catalyst is proposed to avoid the inhibition during the reaction. The aim of this research was to utilize sulphuric acid as the homogenous acid catalyst, to explore the effect of the mole ratio glycerol:acetone to the conversion, and determine the entrophy and entaphy of the reaction . The process was carried out in a three neck reactor equipped with a heater, temperature control, cooler and stirrer. The reaction conditions were set at a constant boiling temperature, the reaction time was varied at 4 - 12 h, and the mole ratio of acetone to glycerol was varied in the range of 2:1 - 7: 1. Results indicated that the highest conversion (>80 %) was recorded at 62°C, 10 h, and 6.9:1 mole ratio. The conversion of glycerol to solketal was influenced by mole ratio which is consistent to Lecatelier principle. From the entropy ΔS =280.02 J. mole K−1) and enthalpy ΔH= 95.948 J. mole−1), it can be concluded that the reaction of solketal formation was exothermic

Production of briquettes from Indonesia agricultural biomass waste by using pyrolysis process and comparing the characteristics

Indonesia biomass waste is a potential feedstock as a source of renewable energy since it can be converted into carcoal briquettes. However, the production of the briquettes using pyrolysis process using the agricultural waste was lacking. In this research, briquette was made from palm shells,  corncob and soybean stem wood due to its high availability and have high cellulose content. The purpose of this research was to produce briquettes from three kind of raw materials by employing pyrolysis process and compared the characteristics. The briquette was made from different type of raw materials (palm shells, corncob and soybean stem) and  the concentration of binder : 3-7 %. Pyrolysis was done at  500 °C, and 100 kg / cm2 of pressing pressure. Results showed that, the best charcoal briquette was achieved from palm shells by using 5% binder, which resulted 4,1% moisture content, 3.4% ash content,  15% volatile matter content, 77.5% carbon content,  7075 cal/g calorific value and  1.4 kg/cm2 compresive strength. It is found that the concentration of binder and raw material influenced the quality of the briquettes. In overall, the production of the briquettes by employing pyrolysis method could meet the standard

Cultivation of Chlorella SP. as Biofuel Sources in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Renewable energy is essential and vital aspect for development in Indonesia especially less oil reserve for coming 15 years. Biodiesel has received much attention as renewable energy in recent years. One of potential biodiesel is produced from microalgae. Due to high content of nutrients in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), this waste is a potential for nutrient growth for microalgae. Chlorella is one of high potential for biodiesel since it has high lipid content (20-30%). The objective of the research is to determine growth rate and biomass productivity in Chlorella Sp cultured in POME. Chlorella Sp was cultured in 20%, 50%, 70% POME using urea concentration 0.1gr/L (low nitrogen source) and 1gr/l (high nitrogen source) at flask disk, pH 6.8-7.2; aerated using aquarium pump and fluorescence lamp 3000-6000 lux as light. Medium was measured using spectrophotometer Optima Sp-300 OD at 680 wave length in 15 days to calculate specific growth rate. At end of cultivation, Chlorella sp was filtered and measured as dry weight. Result indicated that Chlorella sp at 50% POME 1gr/L urea showed higher specific growth rate (0.066/day). Factor affecting growth rate of microalgae is CNP ratio, POME concentration, and urea concentration

Environmental and nutrient conditions influence fucoxanthin productivity of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum grown on palm oil mill effluent

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a type of wastewater posing large problems when discharged in the environment. Yet, due to its high nutrient content, POME may offer opportunities for algal growth and subsequent harvesting of high-value products. The marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is a potential feedstock diatom for bioactive compounds such as the carotenoid fucoxanthin, which has been shown to have pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the growth and fucoxanthin productivity of P. tricornutum grown on POME, as a function of light intensity, temperature, salinity, and nutrient enrichment. High-saturating irradiance (300molphotonsm(-2)s(-1)) levels at 25 degrees C showed highest growth rates but decreased the fucoxanthin productivity of P. tricornutum. Box-Behnken response surface methodology revealed that the optimum fucoxanthin productivity was influenced by temperature, salinity, and the addition of urea. Nutrient enrichment by phosphorus did not enhance cell density and fucoxanthin productivity, while urea addition was found to stimulate both. We conclude that POME wastewater, supplemented with urea, can be considered as the potential medium for P. tricornutum to replace commercial nutrients while producing high amounts of fucoxanthin.</p

Co-cultivation of microalgae growing on palm oil mill effluent under outdoor condition for lipid production

POME is an excellent cultivation medium for the production of microalgae because it includes high macro and micronutrients. Nevertheless, microalga cultivation is laborious to maintain under outdoor condition. The aim of this reseasch was to evaluate the potency of co-cultivation strategy to improve growth and lipid production of mixed algae when growing on POME under dynamic outdoor condition. Cultivation was done in outdoor condition by comparing synthetic medium and POME medium, and optimizing the enviromental and nutritional conditions by using Box-behnken response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that high growth rate (0.35/d) and lipid (40%) were achieved when 75% POME fraction, 30 PSU salinity, and 450 mg/L urea were used. The increasing POME fraction and urea addition enhanced SFA formation to MUFA and PUFA in the fatty acid profiles. We conclude that co-cultivation strategy on POME could promote growth rate and lipid production of mixed algae under outdoor condition

Potency of Botryococcus braunii cultivated on palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater as the source of biofuel

Indonesia is known as the largest oil palm producer in the world. However, along with the production, it generates wastes and pollution that caused the environmental problem in surrounding areas. Previous researchers reported that high palm oil mill effluent (POME) concentration inhibited microalgae growth. However, the inhibition factor was not clearly explained by using kinetic model. This study presents kinetic models of Botrococcus braunii (B. braunii) cultivated on POME wastewater under different turbidity condition. Results showed that the logistic model was closely suitable with experiment results. It was found that B. braunii was able to consume organic carbon from the POME wastewater on the logarithmic model. A modified kinetic model of Monod Haldane described the influence of turbidity on the cultivation. Turbidity of POME medium inhibited the growth rate at KI 2.64 and KII 37.01 NTU, respectively. The Lipid (39.9%), and carbohydrate (41.03%) were found in the biomass that could be utilized as biofuel source

Evaluation of C/N Ratio in Spirulina platensis Cultivation using Molasses Addition as Organic Carbon Source

Growth of Spirulina platensis requiers nitrogen, phosphate, and carbon. Urea is used as source of nitrogen, TSP as source of phosphate, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as source of carbon.  The purpose of this research was to evaluate C:N ratio of medium using different concentration of molase and urea addition as replacement of commercial medium. Spirulina platensis was cultivated  as a control consist of 1500 ppm NaHCO3 as source of carbon, 80 ppm urea as source oh nitrogen, 20 ppm TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) as source of phosphate, 1 ppm FeCl3 and 50 µg/l B12 vitamin as source of micronutrients. Spirulina platensis was cultivated in 2-liter of erlenmeyer flask with variation composition of urea and molasses in growth media by adding 20% (w/w) control medium. Urea was varied between 0; 16; and 80 mg L-1, molasses was varied at the level of 0,1-0,9 g L-1. Cultivation was maintained in pH 9-10, light intensity 6000-7000 lux and 280C. Mini aerator pump is used as a medium stirrer. The best result were obtained at the medium varied of 0,1 g L-1 and 16 ppm of urea with growth rate of  0.230 day-1 , C:N ratio 6.8, and dry biomass of 0.333 g L-1

Pengaruh Pelarut, Rasio Pelarut, dan Waktu Ekstraksi Terhadap Astaxanthin dari Haematococcus sp. dengan Bantuan Ultrasound Assisted Extraction

Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dengan keanekaragaman hayati sehingga memilliki potensi bagi perairan Indonesia untuk mikroalga dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Mikroalga Haematococcus sp. dikenal mengandung senyawa karotenoid, khususnya senyawa astaxanthin. Astaxanthin berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai suplemen kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis pelarut, volume pelarut, dan lama waktu ekstraksi terhadap kadar astaxanthin. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode percobaan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) factorial dengan tiga variabel bebas yaitu jenis pelarut, volume pelarut dan waktu ekstraksi pada proses ekstraksi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kadar astaxanthin dalam Haematococcus sp.yang diperoleh dari hasil kultivasi sendiri, kemudian dilakukan pengukuran kadar astaxanthin menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang 478 nm. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan kadar astaxanthin tertinggi pada variasi pelarut aseton dengan volume 10 ml lama waktu 25 menit sebesar 0,0677%.