A restricted L(2, 1)-labelling problem on interval graphs

In a graph G = (V, E), L(2, 1)-labelling is considered by a function ` whose domain is V and codomain is set of non-negative integers with a condition that the vertices which are adjacent assign labels whose difference is at least two and the vertices whose distance is two, assign distinct labels. The difference between maximum and minimum labels among all possible labels is denoted by λ2,1(G). This paper contains a variant of L(2, 1)-labelling problem. In L(2, 1)-labelling problem, all the vertices are L(2, 1)-labeled by least number of labels. In this paper, maximum allowable label K is given. The problem is: L(2, 1)-label the vertices of G by using the labels {0, 1, 2, . . . , K} such that maximum number of vertices get label. If K labels are adequate for labelling all the vertices of the graph then all vertices get label, otherwise some vertices remains unlabeled. An algorithm is designed to solve this problem. The algorithm is also illustrated by examples. Also, an algorithm is designed to test whether an interval graph is no hole label or not for the purpose of L(2, 1)-labelling.Publisher's Versio

Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme

BACKGROUND In 2005, Bangladesh, India and Nepal agreed to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem. The approach to this was through improved case detection and treatment, and controlling transmission by the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes, with indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide. Initially, India applied DDT with stirrup pumps for IRS, however, this did not reduce transmission. After 2015 onwards, the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin was applied with compression pumps, and entomological surveillance was initiated in 2016. METHODS Eight sentinel sites were established in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. IRS coverage was monitored by household survey, quality of insecticide application was measured by HPLC, presence and abundance of the VL vector was monitored by CDC light traps, insecticide resistance was measured with WHO diagnostic assays and case incidence was determined from the VL case register KAMIS. RESULTS Complete treatment of houses with IRS increased across all sites from 57% in 2016 to 70% of houses in 2019, rising to >80% if partial house IRS coverage is included (except West Bengal). The quality of insecticide application has improved compared to previous studies, average doses of insecticide on filters papers ranged from 1.52 times the target dose of 25mg/m2 alpha-cypermethrin in 2019 to 1.67 times in 2018. Resistance to DDT has continued to increase, but the vector was not resistant to carbamates, organophosphates or pyrethroids. The annual and seasonal abundance of P. argentipes declined between 2016 to 2019 with an overall infection rate of 0.03%. This was associated with a decline in VL incidence for the blocks represented by the sentinel sites from 1.16 per 10,000 population in 2016 to 0.51 per 10,000 in 2019. CONCLUSION Through effective case detection and management reducing the infection reservoirs for P. argentipes in the human population combined with IRS keeping P. argentipes abundance and infectivity low has reduced VL transmission. This combination of effective case management and vector control has now brought India within reach of the VL elimination targets

A Case Report of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis Associated with Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Individual

Cryptococcus neoformans is encapsulated yeast primarily affects immunosuppressed and HIV infected individuals. Extrapulmonary dissemination and involvement of other organs are rare in immunocompetent persons. Here, we describe a case of disseminated cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent individual manifested as pleural effusion and meningitis

A rare case of Candida tropicalis arthritis in a patient of β thalassemia

Infectious arthritis due to Candida species is a rare disease. We report a case of infectious arthritis due to Candida tropicalis in a 27-year-old β thalassemic female patient who presented with pain and swelling in the left knee joint since the last three months. The diagnosis was established by culture of the aspirated synovial fluid, which showed the growth of Candida tropicalis. The patient was started on intravenous amphotericin B, to which the patient responded well with the subsidence of the pain and swelling of the left knee joint. The patient was discharged after a period of two weeks on oral fluconazole and was asymptomatic on last follow-up. The patient had no other predisposing factor like trauma or aspiration of the joint, except for the severe anemia, associated grade III malnutrition, and diabetes

Non-Covalent Interaction within Catalytic Anionic Donor and Neutral Acceptor to Promote Pd-Catalyzed Distal Site- selective Functionalization of Amines

C‒H activation of simple molecules to provide corresponding functionalized analogues has gained immense prominence. While this is widely applicable to a range of organic motifs, regioselectivity and most importantly site-selectivity of distal C‒H bonds remains a significant challenge. While covalently attached directing groups have been designed to solve the puzzle, their profound impact on the step-economy and substrate biasness cause a significant dent in the applicability of the protocol. To overcome this, weak non-covalent interactions between substrate and ligands have been developed but have been mainly explored with Ir-catalysis. Herein we aim to execute an unprecedented Pd catalyzed meta-selective C‒H functionalization of simple amines harnessing weak non-covalent interactions between anionic H-bond donor and neutral acceptor. Catalytic amount of organic salt acts as an anionic ligand and is suitable for efficient meta-selective C‒H olefination. Experimental and computational studies elucidate the mechanistic understanding and suggest that site-selectivity is governed by the key H-bonding interaction between an anionic donating ligand and a neutral accepting substrate. The protocol can be further extended to amines with variable linker-lengths, outlining the versatility and applicability of our methodology to organic motifs, while utilizing only a catalytic amount of directing ligand for the functionalization

Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of a Library of Bioactive Dispiro-Oxindolo/Acenaphthoquino Andrographolides via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Under Microwave Irradiation

Dispiro-pyrrolidino/pyrrolizidino fused oxindoles/acenaphthoquinones have been derived from andrographolide via azomethine ylide cycloaddition to the conjugated double-bond under microwave (MW) irradiation. The reactions are chemo-, stereo-, and regioselective in nature. Change in amino acid from sarcosine/<i>N</i>-benzyl glycine to l-proline changes the regiochemistry. A representative library of 40 compounds along with in vitro anticancer evaluation is reported

Asclepias indet.

Dispiro-pyrrolidino/pyrrolizidino fused oxindoles/acenaphthoquinones have been derived from andrographolide via azomethine ylide cycloaddition to the conjugated double-bond under microwave (MW) irradiation. The reactions are chemo-, stereo-, and regioselective in nature. Change in amino acid from sarcosine/<i>N</i>-benzyl glycine to l-proline changes the regiochemistry. A representative library of 40 compounds along with in vitro anticancer evaluation is reported

Overexpression of EGFR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with inactivation of SH3GL2 and CDC25A genes.

The aim of this study is to understand the mechanism of EGFR overexpression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For this reason, expression/mutation of EGFR were analyzed in 30 dysplastic head and neck lesions and 148 HNSCC samples of Indian patients along with 3 HNSCC cell lines. In addition, deletion/methylation/mutation/expression of SH3GL2 (associated with EGFR degradation) and CDC25A (associated with dephosphorylation of EGFR) were analyzed in the same set of samples. Our study revealed high frequency of EGFR overexpression (66-84%), low frequency of gene amplification (10-32.5%) and absence of functional mutation in the dysplastic lesions and HNSCC samples. No correlation was found between protein overexpression and mRNA expression/gene amplification status of EGFR. On the other hand, frequent alterations (deletion/methylation) of SH3GL2 (63-77%) and CDC25A (37-64%) were seen in the dysplastic and HNSCC samples. Two novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) were found in the promoter region of SH3GL2. Reduced expression of these genes showed concordance with their alterations. Overexpression of EGFR and p-EGFR were significantly associated with reduced expression and alterations of SH3GL2 and CDC25A respectively. In-vitro demethylation experiment by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) showed upregulation of SH3GL2 and CDC25A and downregulation of EGFR expression in Hep2 cell line. Poor patient outcome was predicted in the cases with alterations of SH3GL2 and CDC25A in presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Also, low SH3GL2 and high EGFR expression was a predictor of poor patient survival. Thus, our data suggests that overexpression of EGFR due to its reduced degradation and dephosphorylation is needed for development of HNSCC