A Legitimacy-based Approach to EU Criminal Law: : Maybe We Are Getting There, After All

European Union (EU) law is known for its strong emphasis on effectivity and more generally for its instrumental character. This is not foreign even to European criminal law, a feature which creates some tension between the EU criminal law and criminal law in the national setting. EU Framework Decisions and Directives often require the Member States to criminalize certain forms of conduct with sanctions that are ‘Effective, Dissuasive and Proportionate’. In this article, I try to show that it would be timely to look at EU criminal law from an alternative point of view, as a more mature law. I call this a legitimacy-based approach. Such a reading would ease some of these tensions. It would also be helpful in developing a criminal policy for the EU, a policy which would be realistic and pragmatic. And it would be easier to look at EU criminal law from the point of view of justice. In order to get there, we need to see where the (current) narrow deterrence argument gets is wrong or one-sided. Some social theory is needed in order to make the point.Peer reviewe

Cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular risk prediction from childhood to adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Background: In the late 1960s, Finland had the world’s highest coronary heart disease mortality. Atherosclerosis has its roots in childhood. Childhood risk factors are associated with risk factors in adulthood that predict arterial changes, surrogate markers for atherosclerosis. Since the 1960s, coronary heart disease mortality has decreased over 80%. Over two thirds of the reduction in mortality can be explained by change in risk factor levels. Nevertheless, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of death and disability in Finland and worldwide. Aims: The aims of this thesis were to: study risk factor levels and their changes in Finnish adult population; investigate how many childhood measurements of lipids and blood pressure are needed to optimize the prediction of adult risk factor levels and arterial changes; and determine if adding information on genetic variants to child lipid levels improves prediction of adulthood dyslipidemia. Participants and methods: This thesis uses data from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, a prospective cohort of Finnish children initiated in 1980. Over 31 years, cardiovascular risk factors were measured from participants at several follow-ups. In the most recent follow-up performed in 2011, 57% of the original study population participated. Results: In 2011, the previously observed favorable trends in cholesterol levels had leveled off and over one-third of participants had prediabetes. Two lipid and blood pressure measures in childhood significantly improved prediction of adult dyslipidemia and hypertension over one measurement. Use of genetic risk score approach combined to traditional risk factors significantly enhanced the prediction of adulthood dyslipidemia over conventional childhood risk factors. Conclusions: Favorable trends in cardiovascular risk factor levels appear to be leveling off in Finland. At least two measures of blood pressure and lipids should be used in childhood assessment for future cardiovascular disease risk. Genetic information can help identify children at risk for adult dyslipidemia.Valtimotaudin riskitekijät ja niiden ennustaminen lapsuuden havaintojen perusteella (LASERI-tutkimus) Tausta: Suomessa oli 1960-luvulla maailman korkein sepelvaltimotautikuolleisuus. Valtimotauti alkaa lapsuudessa. Lapsuuden riskitekijät ovat yhteydessä aikuisiän riskitekijöihin, jotka taas ennustavat valtimomuutoksia. Sepelvaltimotautikuolleisuus on laskenut Suomessa yli 80 %:lla 1960-luvulta lähtien. Yli kaksi kolmasosaa kuolleisuuden vähentymisestä selittyy riskitekijätasojen muutoksilla. Valtimotauti on yhä yleisin kuolinsyy sekä toimintakyvyn menetyksen aiheuttaja Suomessa ja maailmalla. Tavoite: Väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena oli tutkia valtimotaudin riskitekijätasoja ja niiden muutoksia suomalaisessa aikuisväestössä. Toisena tavoitteena on ollut selvittää, kuinka monella lapsuuden aikaisella kolesteroli- tai verenpainemittauksella voidaan tehokkaasti ennustaa aikuisiän riskitekijätasoja ja valtimomuutoksia, sekä tutkia parantaako geneettinen tieto aikuisiän rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden ennustamista. Menetelmät: Väitöskirjatutkimus on osa vuonna 1980 aloitettua Lasten Sepelvaltimotaudin Riskitekijät (LASERI) – seurantatutkimusta. Koko tutkimuksen ajan tutkittavilta on mitattu sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijöitä kattavasti. Vuonna 2011, yli 30 vuoden seurannan jälkeen, oli mukana edelleen 57 % alkuperäisestä tutkimusväestöstä. Tulokset: Vuonna 2011 todettiin vuosikymmeniä jatkuneen myönteisen trendin veren kolesteroliarvoissa tasoittuneen. Lisäksi kolmanneksella väestöstä oli diabeteksen esiaste. Kahdella lapsuuden aikaisella mittauksella saatiin luotettava ennuste aikuisiän rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöistä ja kohonneesta verenpaineesta, kolmannesta mittauksesta saatava hyöty jäi vaatimattomaksi. Geneettinen tieto alttiudesta rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöille paransi merkittävästi aikuisiän rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöiden ennustamisen tarkkuutta. Johtopäätökset: Suomalaisten sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijätasojen myönteinen kehitys näyttää tasoittuvan. Lapsuuden verenpaine- ja kolesterolitasojen arvioinnissa on syytä käyttää vähintään kahdesti toistettua mittausta. Geneettistä tietoa käyttämällä voidaan tarkemmin tunnistaa jo lapsena henkilöt, joilla on kohonnut riski rasva-aineenvaihdunnan häiriöihin aikuisena.Siirretty Doriast

Towards a Global Rule of Law : Global law in the Context of Law and Development Studies

Recent developments in legal and social theory have rendered it necessary to define what we mean by justice and rule of law. Marcelo Neves has contributed to the theory of a rule of law state, for instance, by assessing the merits of Habermasian thought using, a. o., tools of the social systems theory. In this article I will discuss the problem, identified by Neves, that a rule of law state does not always emerge naturally. He talks about the deficiences known in 'peripheric modernity'. As regards development studies, legal issues have made their way onto the agendas since rule of law, democracy and human rights are relevant for realizing almost any social development goal. I will discuss the recent developments on a global level by using materials also from law and development studies. Even more than the Rawlsian or Habermasian concept of justice, the work of Amartya Sen has been influential in these debates. Sen has presented his pragmatic and comparative view about justice as an alternative to the comprehensive theoretical models which cannot be met in the context of the developing countries. The role of rule of law and justice in the development of the societies is further underlined when taken into account of the grand challenges of today. In this article we discuss the role of rule of law as part of UN Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) and also present the work done by the so-called Venice Commission in this area. One important observation is that the rule of law needs to be embedded in the culture of the society. We face a paradox: in order for the law to work properly, we need to develop a non-instrumental approach towards itPeer reviewe

Criminal Law Scholarship : Should It Be Able to Present Itself as Science?

Peer reviewe

Riittääkö karisma? : voiko mielenkiintoiseksi esiintyjäksi opetella, vai olemmeko lopulta vain karisman armoilla?

Opinnäytetyömme aiheena on karisma. Pohdimme, miksi tietyt esiintyjät erottuvat joukosta karismaattisuudellaan, mitä tuo selittämätön vetovoima on ja voiko siihen itse vaikuttaa. Otamme selville, miten karismaattisuutta voi oppia itsenäisesti. Lähteinä käytämme aihetta käsittelevää kirjallisuutta. Pohdimme myös kuinka paljon esiintyjän karismaan vaikuttavat alan opiskelu kouluissa ja erilaisten opettajien apu. Pohdimme, mitkä eri osatekijät vaikuttavat siihen, kuka esiintyjistä erottuu muista. Tarkastelemme asiaa taustan, synnynnäisten ominaisuuksien ja opeteltavissa olevien taitojen valossa. Toteamme, ettei karismaattisilla esiintyjillä ole yhteisiä ominaisuuksia, vaan karismaattisuus itsessään on yhdistävä tekijä. Selvitämme, mitä kaikkea karisma on, ja pidämme mahdollisena, ettei se koostukaan eri tekijöistä, vaan on yliluonnollinen voima, jonka olemassaoloon tai omaamiseen ei kukaan pysty itse vaikuttamaan. Lopputuloksena huomaamme, että mitä edemmäs asiaa pohdimme, sitä enemmän nousee pintaan uusia kysymyksiä ja ihmetyksen aiheita. Voimme varmistua vain karisman olemassaolosta, kaikki muu jää arvoitukseksi. Koska arvelemme alusta alkaen karisman olevan jotain selittämätöntä, haluamme kysyä, emme antaa valmiita vastauksia. Kysymysten ja omien pohdintojemme valossa toivomme lukijan löytävän oman henkilökohtaisen vastauksensa arvoitukseen: riittääkö karisma?Our thesis tells about charisma. We wonder, why certain performers stand out from the crowd with their charisma, what that inexplicable attraction is, and if it is something you yourself can have an effect on. We try to find out, how you can learn to become charismatic by yourself. As sources, we use literature, which has already been written about the subject. We also consider, how much studies and the help of different teachers affect on the performer's charisma. We try to locate those elements that make one performer more interesting than the other. We examine the topic in the light of different backgrounds, inborn characteristics and skills that are possible to learn. We discover, that there are no convergent characteristics, which would make a performer charismatic. The charisma itself is the common factor between radiant stars. We will find out, what charisma is. We think that possibly it is not a combination of different qualities, but rather a supernatural power. In that case, no one can affect on either having the power or not. Finally, as a conclusion, the more we find out, the more new questions and aspects come up. The only thing that we can be sure of is the fact that charisma exists. Everything else stays as a mystery. Right from the beginning we had an idea that the whole subject is something inexplicable and that is why we wouldn't like to give any confident answers. Instead, we want to ask. In the light of our own wondering and questioning, we hope, that the reader will find out his or her own personal answer to the mystery: is charisma enough

Viherhoitosuunnitelmat ja kohdekortti

Ei voimassa; korvattu 19.5.2017 Liikenneviraston ohjeella 26/2017 Kohdekohtainen viherhoito tieympäristössä. 2200018-03 Toteuttamisvaiheen ohjau

Epidemiology and eradication of infectious bovine

Background: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) is a significant disease among domestic and wild cattle. The BHV-1 infection was first detected in Finland in 1970; presumably it was imported in 1968. The infection reappeared in the large-scale bulk-tank milk surveillances which started in 1990, and was eradicated in 1994. Our aim is to describe the epidemiology of this infection in Finland, and its eradication. Materials and methods: The official sources of pertinent information, the legal basis for the disease control and the serological methods for the detection of the infection are described. Results and conclusion: Ten AI bulls were found to be seropositive in 1970–1971. The total number of herds with BHV-1 antibody positive animals in the large-scale surveillance in 1990 and subsequent epidemiological investigations in 1991 was five, and the total number of seropositive animals was 90. The five herds formed three epidemiological units; semen of at least one bull seropositive in 1971 had been used in each unit. This remained the only plausible route of infection in each of the three units. Using the 'test and slaughter' approach and total stamping out in one herd the infection was eradicated in 1994

Sex Difference in the Case Fatality of Older Myocardial Infarction Patients

Background The female sex is associated with poorer outcomes after myocardial infarction (MI), although current evidence in older patients is limited and mixed. We sought to evaluate sex-based differences in outcome after MI in older patients. Method Consecutive older (>= 70 years) all-comer patients with out-of-hospital MI admitted to 20 hospitals in Finland between 2005 and 2014 were studied using national registries (n = 40 654, mean age 80 years, 50% women). The outcome of interest was death within 1 year after MI. Differences between sexes (age, baseline features, medication, comorbidities, revascularization, and treating hospital) were balanced by inverse probability weighting. Results Adjusted all-cause case fatality was lower in women than in men at 30 days (16.0% vs 19.0%, respectively) and at 1 year (27.7% vs 32.4%, respectively) after MI (hazard ratio: 0.83; confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-0.86; p = 80 years, patients with and without ST elevation MI, revascularized and non-revascularized patients, patients with and without atrial fibrillation, and patients with and without diabetes. The sex difference in case fatality remained similar during the study period. Conclusions Older women were found to have a lower hazard of death after an out-of-hospital MI when compared to older men with similar features and treatments. This finding was consistent in several subgroups.Peer reviewe