Urban Head Start teachers' classroom interactions with Black male preschoolers identified as "challenging" or "externalizing": Opportunities for teaching self-regulation

At the earliest grade levels, young Black males, who have been identified by their teachers as "challenging" (in psychological terminology, exhibiting externalizing behavior), have the same disproportionate rate of school suspension and expulsion as their older counterparts (Gilliam, 2005; Lewis, Butler, Bonner, & Joubert, 2010; Stewart, 2005). For this qualitative dissertation study, a theoretical construct, entitled the RGPV Factor, was developed for the purpose of defining the unique developmental pathway of young urban Black males. The RGPV Factor, an acronym for Race, Gender, Poverty, and Violence, is an ecological model theory that considers the synergistic effect of each of these factors. The study explored the classroom interactions between classroom teachers and a subset of urban, Head Start, Black male preschoolers who had been teacher-identified as "challenging." Within the context of these interactions, the teacher's observed and self-reported efficacy in assisting these students in self-regulation mastery was accessed. Three data points were used to measure teacher efficacy with this student group: classroom observations, the self-report Student Teacher Relationship Scale (Pianta, 2001), and teacher interviews. Consistent with the literature (Kesner, 2000; Saft & Pianta, 2001), teachers were found to generally have poor quality relationships with these young Black male students. These negative relationships do not provide the assistance required for young children to master the skill of self-regulation. Additional unexpected findings also emerged: Not all teachers fully understood the concept of self-regulation, and, in fact, some of these Head Start teachers did not meet the federal standards level for English language proficiency. Further, some of the teachers did not exercise sufficient authority over their students (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2010). The study findings clearly show that programs are needed to prepare teachers for working with young, urban students. The findings also strongly support the need for additional studies that critically assess the effects of a rapidly diversifying teacher workforce on the school experiences of vulnerable Black male students

Social Enterprise, Corporate Objectives, and the Corporate Governance Narrative

Throughout history, both practitioners and academics, in fields such as business law, and economics, have debated various aspects of the corporate entity. Such as why corporations exist, the proper objective of the corporation, and the structure of corporate law in the United States. While this debate is well established, a more recent corporate entity development is the rise of the social enterprise. While there is no consensus definition of this term, we believe that it is best understood, for purposes of legal analysis, as an organization that utilizes an earned income strategy to accomplish a primary organizational mission of creating value for one or more stakeholders besides the organizations\u27 shareholders or owners. In practice this means that social enterprises are organizations that have a primary objective of creating value for some constituent other than shareholders (i.e., their primary objective is not maximization of shareholder wealth), but they pursue this objective through a traditional business-like strategy of earning income, rather than relying solely on others’ benevolence