Níveis de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para o desempenho de pintos de corte de 1 a 10 dias de idade

Trabalho selecionado durante a VI Semana de Ciências Agrárias (VI SECIAGRA), realizada de 01 a 03/10/2012 This study aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) on the final weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for broilers from 1 to 10 days old. A total of 1,152 male broiler chicks with an average weight of 55 g were distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, involving four levels of ME (2700, 2825, 2950, and 3075 kcal.kg-1) and four levels of DL (1.08, 1.187, 1.295 and 1.403%), resulting in 16 treatments with three replications and 24 chicks per experimental unit. The levels of digestible lysine and metabolizable energy acted independently in the performance of broiler chicks in the pre-starter phase, in which the energy levels provided a linear growth (P <0.05) in final weight and weight gain, and quadratic effect (P <0.05) on feed intake and feed conversion. The levels of digestible lysine had quadratic effect (P <0.05) on the final weight, weight gain and feed conversion, and linear growth (P <0.05) on feed intake. The performance results indicate that, for broiler chicks in the pre-starter phase, the level of digestible lysine is 1.27% for greater weight gain and 1.22% for feed conversion, and the ideal level of metabolizable energy for weight gain and feed conversion is 3075 kcal.kg-1.Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) e de lisina digestível (LD), sobre o peso final, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar para pintos de corte de 1 a 10 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1.152 pintos de corte, machos, com peso médio de 55 g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro níveis de EM (2700; 2825; 2950; e 3075 kcal.kg-1) e quatro níveis de LD (1,08; 1,187; 1,295 e 1,403%), resultando em 16 tratamentos com três repetições e 24 aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de lisina digestível e energia metabolizável atuaram de maneira independente no desempenho de pintos de corte na fase pré-inicial, onde os níveis de energia metabolizável exerceram aumento linear (P<0,05) no peso final e ganho de peso, e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Os níveis de lisina digestível promoveram efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre o peso final, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, e aumento linear (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Os resultados de desempenho indicam que, para a fase pré-inicial de pintos de corte, o nível de lisina digestível para maior ganho de peso é de 1,27% e para conversão alimentar, 1,22%, e o nível de energia metabolizável para o melhor ganho de peso e conversão alimentar é de 3075 kcal.kg-1

Using behavior-analytic implicit tests to assess sexual interests among normal and sex-offender populations

The development of implicit tests for measuring biases and behavioral predispositions is a recent development within psychology. While such tests are usually researched within a social-cognitive paradigm, behavioral researchers have also begun to view these tests as potential tests of conditioning histories, including in the sexual domain. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the utility of a behavioral approach to implicit testing and means by which implicit tests can be built to the standards of behavioral psychologists. Research findings illustrating the short history of implicit testing within the experimental analysis of behavior are reviewed. Relevant parallel and overlapping research findings from the field of social cognition and on the Implicit Association Test are also outlined. New preliminary data obtained with both normal and sex offender populations are described in order to illustrate how behavior-analytically conceived implicit tests may have potential as investigative tools for assessing histories of sexual arousal conditioning and derived stimulus associations. It is concluded that popular implicit tests are likely sensitive to conditioned and derived stimulus associations in the history of the test-taker rather than 'unconscious cognitions', per se

The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity

Background: The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. Results: There are ∼226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (∼20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are ∼170,000 synonyms, that 58,000–72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000–741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7–1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 ± 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Conclusions: Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century

ENIGMA and global neuroscience: A decade of large-scale studies of the brain in health and disease across more than 40 countries

This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors