Modeling the long term dynamics of pre-vaccination pertussis

The dynamics of strongly immunizing childhood infections is still not well understood. Although reports of successful modeling of several incidence data records can be found in the literature, the key determinants of the observed temporal patterns have not been clearly identified. In particular, different models of immunity waning and degree of protection applied to disease and vaccine induced immunity have been debated in the literature on pertussis. Here we study the effect of disease acquired immunity on the long term patterns of pertussis prevalence. We compare five minimal models, all of which are stochastic, seasonally forced, well-mixed models of infection based on susceptible-infective-recovered dynamics in a closed population. These models reflect different assumptions about the immune response of naive hosts, namely total permanent immunity, immunity waning, immunity waning together with immunity boosting, reinfection of recovered, and repeat infection after partial immunity waning. The power spectra of the output prevalence time series characterize the long term dynamics of the models. For epidemiological parameters consistent with published data for pertussis, the power spectra show quantitative and even qualitative differences that can be used to test their assumptions by comparison with ensembles of several decades long pre-vaccination data records. We illustrate this strategy on two publicly available historical data sets.Comment: paper (31 pages, 11 figures, 1 table) and supplementary material (19 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables

Purification, characterization and clinical applications of therapeutic fungal enzymes

This book chapter presents an overview of therapeutic fungal enzymes and their developments in biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of several diseases, clinical applications and investigation. Enzymes are biocatalysts of many reactions with widespread use in the pharmaceutical industry and medicine. Due to their high specificity, greater affinity, and high catalytic efficiency, enzymes have been widely used for therapeutic purposes. More specifically, therapeutic enzymes are being used in the treatment of several diseases, such as leukemia, cancer, pancreatic disorders, etc. For instance, L-asparaginase, which presents antineoplastic properties, has been used for the treatment of leukemia, namely acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nowadays, more than 50% of the enzymes are produced by fungal sources, including the therapeutic enzymes, due to the advantages of being an economically feasible and consistent process, since it has high yield and is easy for modification and optimization of new therapeutic products. In this book chapter, readers from academies, research institutes and industries will gain useful information and in-deep knowledge on the emerging therapeutic fungal enzymes, their purification processes, characterization and medical applications.publishe

The SITS-UTMOST: a registry-based prospective study in Europe investigating the impact of regulatory approval of intravenous Actilyse in the extended time window (3–4.5 h) in acute ischaemic stroke

Introduction: The SITS-UTMOST (Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Upper Time window Monitoring Study) was a registry-based prospective study of intravenous alteplase used in the extended time window (3–4.5 h) in acute ischaemic stroke to evaluate the impact of the approval of the extended time window on routine clinical practice. Patients and methods: Inclusion of at least 1000 patients treated within 3–4.5 h according to the licensed criteria and actively registered in the SITS-International Stroke Thrombolysis Registry was planned. Prospective data collection started 2 May 2012 and ended 2 November 2014. A historical cohort was identified for 2 years preceding May 2012. Clinical management and outcome were contrasted between patients treated within 3 h versus 3–4.5 h in the prospective cohort and between historical and prospective cohorts for the 3 h time window. Outcomes were functional independency (modified Rankin scale, mRS) 0–2, favourable outcome (mRS 0–1), and death at 3 months and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) per SITS. Results: 4157 patients from 81 centres in 12 EU countries were entered prospectively (N ¼ 1118 in the 3–4.5 h, N ¼ 3039 in the 0–3 h time window) and 3454 retrospective patients in the 0–3 h time window who met the marketing approval conditions. In the prospective cohort, median arrival to treatment time was longer in the 3–4.5 h than 3 h window (79 vs. 55 min). Within the 3 h time window, treatment delays were shorter for prospective than historical patients (55 vs. 63). There was no significant difference between the 3–4.5 h versus 3 h prospective cohort with regard to percentage of reported SICH (1.6 vs. 1.7), death (11.6 vs. 11.1), functional independency (66 vs. 65) at 3 months or favourable outcome (51 vs. 50). Discussion: Main weakness is the observational design of the study. Conclusion: This study neither identified negative impact on treatment delay, nor on outcome, following extension of the approved time window to 4.5 h for use of alteplase in stroke

Catalytic performance of bulk and colloidal Co/Al layered double hydroxide with Au nanoparticles in aerobic olefin oxidation

A Co/Al layered double hydroxide material was synthesized in both bulk and exfoliated (colloidal) forms. Anion exchange with methionine allowed immobilization of Au nanoparticles previously prepared by a biomimetic method using an anti-oxidant tea aqueous extract to reduce the Au salt solution. The catalytic performance of bulk and exfoliated clays Au-hybrid materials was assessed in aerobic olefin epoxidation. Both catalysts were very active towards the epoxide products and with very interesting substrate conversion levels after 80 h reaction time. The Au-exfoliated material, where the nanosheets work as large ligands, yielded higher product stereoselectivity in the case of limonene epoxidation. This arises from a confined environment around the Au nanoparticles wrapped by the clay nanosheets modulating access to the catalytic active centres by reagents. Mechanistic assessment was also accomplished for styrene oxidation by DFT methodspublishe

Structural characterization and release profile of omega-3 fatty-acids encapsulated in nanoemulsions

Omega-3 (-3) fatty-acids are functional compounds with various benefits such as reduction of cardiovascular diseases. However, these fatty acids degrade quickly, present low water solubility and an unpleasant aroma, which make essential their encapsulation. The encapsulation (e.g. nanoemulsion production) process can change structural properties, which can affect the behavior of the system when applied to food matrices and within the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this work was to characterize oil-in-water bio-based nanoemulsions with -3 using lactoferrin as a natural emulsifier, when submitted to different drying processes. Nanoemulsions were produced using high-pressure homogenization (5 cycles, 20,000 psi) using 2 % (w/w) lactoferrin and 5 % (w/w) -3. Nanoemulsions were dried by nanospray-drying (Nano Spray dryer B-90HP, Buchi) and freeze-drying methods. Physical and morphological properties were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Circular dichroism (CD) and FTIR-ATR were used to assess possible structural and chemical changes after dry treatments. Moreover, -3 release profile was studied in ethanol (20 % and 50 % (v/v)) at 25 ºC (simulation of food matrices) and at pH 7.4 and pH 2 at 37 ºC (simulation of different gastrointestinal phases). DLS results showed that original size (170 nm) and zeta-potential (+30 mV) of nanoemulsions was not achieved after nanospray-drying process probably caused by protein agglomeration. CD and FTIR-ATR results revealed lactoferrin structural modifications after drying processes as well as a reduction of -helix and -sheet content, being this effect more evident on nanospray-drying samples. FTIR-ATR results showed shifts of the amide I and amide II bands in both drying processes samples. At 20 % ethanol, -3 began to release after 48h which could allow nanoemulsions incorporation in food products such as ice cream and mayonnaise. This work provides useful information to design nanoemulsions aiming lipophilic compound encapsulation for food applications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Use of urban groundwater for public lakes supply: terrestrial ecotoxicologial evaluation

The correct management of water resources needs to be based on solid environmental information collected by monitoring programs and properly analyzed by well established methodologies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparison of the effects of different anesthetics on serum haemolysis and glycogenolysis in rats

The anesthetics can differently affect the structure and biological function of tissues and systems. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of three injectable anesthetics generally used in experiments with animals on the degree of haemolysis and glycogenolysis after deep anesthesia. 20 Wistar male rats (330-440g) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: Cloral Hydrate (CH), Ketamine + Xylazine (KX), Zoletil 50® (zolazepam and tiletamina) + Xylazine (ZTX). After deep anesthesia the total blood was collected. Immediately the liver, the white and red gastrocnemius muscles were also withdrawn. The degree of serum haemolysis was quantified by the hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) and the hepatic and muscular glycogen concentration through spectrophotometer analyses. The CH and KX groups presented serum haemolysis (0.49 ± 0.06 g/dL and 0.18 ± 0.06 g/dL, respectively). ZTX group presented no detectable values. The average value of the hepatic and muscular glycogen concentrations exhibited no significant difference between CH and ZTX groups. The data were similar to other studies in the literature. However, the KX induced accentuated glycogenolysis in all tissues. Our data suggest that the anesthetic ZTX seems to be the most appropriate for studies that need simultaneously to quantify the concentration of glycogen and blood markers without interferences. It neither causes glycogenolysis nor haemolysis. ZTX possesses accessible cost, is easily found at veterinary markets, quickly induces deep anesthesia and presents low mortality rate

Frequency of anisometropia in children in the Médio Tejo

Anisometropia is a difference in refractive error in the two eyes of an individual. It is often associated with amblyopia, both in the presence of and in the absence of strabismus. Its revalence depends on several factors, different values being found in different geographical areas of the world and in different age groups. [...]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

blaTEM and vanA as indicator genes of antibiotic resistance contamination in a hospital–urban wastewater treatment plant system

Four indicator genes were monitored by quantitative PCR in hospital effluent (HE) and in the raw and treated wastewater of the municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving the hospital discharge. The indicator genes were the class 1 integrase gene intI1, to assess the capacity of bacteria to be involved in horizontal gene transfer processes; blaTEM, one of the most widespread antibiotic resistance genes in the environment, associated with Enterobacteriaceae; vanA, an antibiotic resistance gene uncommon in the environment and frequent in clinical isolates; and marA, part of a locus related to the stress response in Enterobacteriaceae. Variation in the abundance of these genes was analysed as a function of the type of water, and possible correlations with cultivable bacteria, antimicrobial residue concentrations, and bacterial community composition and structure were analysed. HE was confirmed as an important source of blaTEM and vanA genes, and wastewater treatment showed a limited capacity to remove these resistance genes. The genes blaTEM and vanA presented the strongest correlations with culturable bacteria, antimicrobial residues and some bacterial populations, representing interesting candidates as indicator genes to monitor resistance in environmental samples. The intI1 gene was the most abundant in all samples, demonstrating that wastewater bacterial populations hold a high potential for gene acquisitioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio