MANAGEMENT OF HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE DURING PREGNANCY. PROPHYLACTIC USAGE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH)

The main objective of this study is to analyze the prophylactic usage of low molecular weight heparin, in women during the period of pregnancy. A retrospective study was undertaken during 01 January – 31 December of 2013, in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, at Clinical Hospital in Tetovo. Data were collected for the following: patient demographics, week and month of pregnancy, number of pregnancies for each patient, duration of hospital stay, clinical and laboratory investigations, diagnosis, drug details; which include the name of the drug, dosage form, dose frequency, total cost of the drug, the amount of each given ampoule application and the cost for the entire period of hospitalization. Among of 643 women whom were prescribed LMWH, 144 of them were found hypercoagulable. The majority of patients given LMWH were aged 25-30 years (56.25 %). For the biggest number of patients, this was their first pregnancy (70.83%). Earliest phase of using LMWH was the second month of pregnancy, respectively sixth week. Patients during the ninth month, apear to be more affected by hypercoagulable statete. 56 (38.89 %) women were in the ninth month of pregnany. Fraxiparine (nadroparin calcium) 3800 IU anti-Factor XA in 0.4 ml was the most prescribed anticoagulant, 64 (44.44 %) patients received this therapy. From the total number of 144 patients, only 4 of them received LMWH twice a day

MANAGEMENT OF HYPERCOAGULABLE STATE DURING PREGNANCY. PROPHYLACTIC USAGE OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN (LMWH)

The main objective of this study is to analyze the prophylactic usage of low molecular weight heparin, in women during the period of pregnancy. A retrospective study was undertaken during 01 January – 31 December of 2013, in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, at Clinical Hospital in Tetovo. Data were collected for the following: patient demographics, week and month of pregnancy, number of pregnancies for each patient, duration of hospital stay, clinical and laboratory investigations, diagnosis, drug details; which include the name of the drug, dosage form, dose frequency, total cost of the drug, the amount of each given ampoule application and the cost for the entire period of hospitalization. Among of 643 women whom were prescribed LMWH, 144 of them were found hypercoagulable. The majority of patients given LMWH were aged 25-30 years (56.25 %). For the biggest number of patients, this was their first pregnancy (70.83%). Earliest phase of using LMWH was the second month of pregnancy, respectively sixth week. Patients during the ninth month, apear to be more affected by hypercoagulable statete. 56 (38.89 %) women were in the ninth month of pregnany. Fraxiparine (nadroparin calcium) 3800 IU anti-Factor XA in 0.4 ml was the most prescribed anticoagulant, 64 (44.44 %) patients received this therapy. From the total number of 144 patients, only 4 of them received LMWH twice a day

Recoding of nonsense mutation as a pharmacological strategy

Approximately 11% of genetic human diseases are caused by nonsense mutations that introduce a premature termination codon (PTC) into the coding sequence. The PTC results in the production of a potentially harmful shortened polypeptide and activation of a nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. The NMD pathway reduces the burden of unproductive protein synthesis by lowering the level of PTC mRNA. There is an endogenous rescue mechanism that produces a full-length protein from a PTC mRNA. Nonsense suppression therapies aim to increase readthrough, suppress NMD, or are a combination of both strategies. Therefore, treatment with translational readthrough-inducing drugs (TRIDs) and NMD inhibitors may increase the effectiveness of PTC suppression. Here we discuss the mechanism of PTC readthrough and the development of novel approaches to PTC suppression. We also discuss the toxicity and bioavailability of therapeutics used to stimulate PTC readthrough

Assessing the caries risk factor among children at age prom 4-5 using the cariogram program

Abstract—The Cariogram is a new concept, primarily evolved as an educative model, focused towards simple presentation of the numerous factors which cause dental caries.For the realization of this doctorate, we defined and accomplished the goal, which was based on the assessment of the dental caries risk profiles, in examinees with primary teeth, using the Cariogram model. The research is carried out in a longitudinal study, that lasted 2 years, in which we included 60 examinees at a preschool age, from 4 -5 years (31 male and 29 male). The following was done in every examinee : clinical detection of the dental health; assessment of the diet-lactobacillus in the saliva; assessment of the oral hygiene index (OHI); assessment of the frequency of meals; assessment of the flow rate of the 'stimulated' saliva; assessment of the buffering capacity of the saliva; assessment of the clinical evaluation of the examiner. After finishing the clinical and laboratorial examinations, the results were applied in the Cariogram program, from which we got data about the caries risk level for every examinee, and then we got recommendations about application of specific preventive measures. The results of the descriptive statistics and the carried out analysis of the analyzed dental caries risk factors for the dmft and the caries risk factors, show that the average value of the dmft in the first year of the examination varied in the interval from 2,31±0,62 and the average value of the dmft index during the second year of the study varied in the interval from 2,88±0,39; the quantity of Lactobacillus in the saliva varied in the interval from 1,41±0,50 CFU/ml; the average frequency of having meals varied in the interval from 1,94±0,43; the average value of the plaque index varied in the interval from 1,45±0,50; the average value of Streptococcus Mutans in the saliva varied in the interval from 2,55±0,50 CFU/ml; the average value of administering fluoride was in the interval from 1,22±0,42; the average value of the buffering capacity of the saliva varied in the interval from 0,80±0,41; the opinion and the assessment of the examiner varied in the interval from 1,41±0,57. The results of the Mann-Whitney U Test (Z=0,51) and p>0,05 (p=0,61) for the dental caries risk profiles in the first year compared to the value of the same test in the second year of the study, showed that there was no statistical significance. The assessment of the dental caries risk is a very important clinical step, especially when we use the Cariogram model, which in many ways can lead us to the use of specific preventive measures. Key words: caries risk factors; Cariogram; dmf

An intricate rewiring of cancer metabolism via alternative splicing

All human genes undergo alternative splicing leading to the diversity of the proteins. However, in some cases, abnormal regulation of alternative splicing can result in diseases that trigger defects in metabolism, reduced apoptosis, increased proliferation, and progression in almost all tumor types. Metabolic dysregulations and immune dysfunctions are crucial factors in cancer. In this respect, alternative splicing in tumors could be a potential target for therapeutic cancer strategies. Dysregulation of alternative splicing during mRNA maturation promotes carcinogenesis and drug resistance in many cancer types. Alternative splicing (changing the target mRNA 3'UTR binding site) can result in a protein with altered drug affinity, ultimately leading to drug resistance.. Here, we will highlight the function of various alternative splicing factors, how it regulates the reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism, and their contribution to tumor initiation and proliferation. Also, we will discuss emerging therapeutics for treating tumors via abnormal alternative splicing. Finally, we will discuss the challenges associated with these therapeutic strategies for clinical applications