Father Locus of Control and Child Emotional and Behavioral Outcomes: A Prospective Study

This prospective longitudinal study examined the associations between parent locus of control of reinforcement (LOCR), measured before the birth of a child, and behavioral/emotional outcomes in that child at age seven years. Three hundred seven couples completed questionnaires regarding their emotional status and LOCR at their first prenatal care appointment. When their children turned seven years old, teachers completed questionnaires regarding each participating child’s behavior. Findings indicate significant associations between fathers’ prenatal LOCR and child outcomes, particularly hyperactivity in sons. Hyperactivity and behavioral/emotional problems in girls, in contrast, were better predicted by maternal prenatal emotional distress. Results provide evidence that both paternal and maternal characteristics that predate the birth of a child relate to later behavioral outcomes in that child. Implications for prevention of child psychopathology are discussed

Family Correlates of Daughter’s and Son’s Locus of Control Expectancies during Childhood

Children who expect they can bring about good outcomes and avoid bad outcomes tend to experience more personal successes. Little is known about factors that contribute to these ‘control expectancies’. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether children’s internal control expectancies occur in the context of parents’ internal control expectancies, low family strain, and high family cohesiveness and whether these factors are more strongly related to daughters’ than sons’ control expectancies. A community sample of 85 children aged 9 to 11 years old and their parents (85 mothers; 63 fathers) completed rating scales. Fathers’ more internal control expectancies and mothers’ reports of fewer family strains were associated with daughters’ but not sons’ greater internal control expectancies, and greater family cohesiveness was related to both daughters’ and sons’ internal control orientations. These findings suggest that family factors may contribute to children’s, particularly daughters’, development of internal control expectancies

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Paralanguage and the Interpersonal Impact of Dysphoria: It\u27s Not What You Say but How You Say It

Investigated the relationship between paralanguage and the negative interpersonal impact evoked in 30 normal female undergraduates by depressed mood among 15 female undergraduate dysphoric targets and 15 maladjusted controls (as determined by the Beck Depression Inventory and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory). Results suggest that moderately dysphoric targets were rejected to the extent that they spoke in relatively soft, flat tones, with long pauses before taking the floor for an extended period of time. In addition, they pulled for rejection to the extent that their speech varied in loudness and pitch over a 15-min telephone interaction. Implications for J. C. Coyne\u27s (see record 1979-01146-001) interpersonal conceptualization of depression are discussed

An Examination of the Leary Circumplex through the Interpersonal Check List

Examined the reliability and validity of the Interpersonal Check List (ICL), the instrument most often used to operationalize T. F. Leary\u27s (1957) circumplex model of interpersonal behavior. Leary\u27s model described 16 interpersonal styles that could be ordered in a circumplex along the continua of status and affiliation. In the present study, 1,016 White undergraduates completed the ICL. Results show the following: (1) Only octant scales had acceptable internal consistencies, as assessed by Cronbach\u27s alpha; (2) ICL variables approached a circulant ordering when variance due to acquiescence response set was removed, but significant measurement gaps were evident in the Hostile–Submissive and Friendly–Dominant quadrants; and (3) ICL sixteenths did not form Guttman scales, bringing into question the radex structure of the Leary model

The Circumplexity of Leary\u27s Interpersonal Circle: A Multidimensional Scaling Perspective

To investigate the circulant structure of the 16 scales comprising the Interpersonal Check List (ICL) intercorrelation matrices for ICL scores of 1,016 female and male undergraduates were subjected to multidimensional scaling analysis. Results show the following: (a) While the 16 ICL scales fell in a rough circular array, measurement gaps existed in the friendly-dominant and hostile-submissive quadrants; (b) sixteenths A-B-P and L-M-N were misarranged; and (c) stress coefficients for a 3-dimensional solution were in an acceptable range. The findings underscore the utility of multidimensional scaling techniques in this research area, contrasted with other multivariate strategies that fail to illuminate the structure of the 16 traits assumed to characterize interpersonal behavior. The results also provide indirect support for the cirulant framework developed recently by D. J. Kiesler (see record 1983-30243-001) to describe interpersonal transactions

Look at the time: diel variation in the flight initiation distance of a nectarivorous bird

Abstract: When approached by a predator, foraging animals should adjust escape behavior based on their current energetic status to minimize opportunity costs (foraging time) and maximize the chance of escape. Animals should therefore be more reluctant to leave a foraging patch when their energy reserves are low and should flee using low-energy escape tactics, but be quicker to flee and use the best escape tactic when satiated. Nectarivorous birds have little capacity for energy storage; thus, they should be particularly sensitive to variation in nutritional status throughout the day. We tested whether New Holland honeyeaters (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae) alter their antipredator behavior by testing whether flight initiation distance (FID—the distance at which an individual flees from an approaching predator) and escape tactic (hopping or flying) vary over the course of the day. Honeyeater FID was shortest in the morning, following the overnight fast, and longest at midday. In the evening, though FID tended to shorten, responses were more variable overall, likely due to individual variation in foraging success. In the morning, honeyeaters were equally likely to hop or fly when approached, but increasingly favored flight as the day progressed. These results suggest a strong link between individual energetic condition and antipredator responses. We suggest that time of day is a useful and important variable influencing escape behavior, the potential effects of which should be more consistently considered as a covariate in the widely used FID protocol. Significance statement: Diel variation in internal and external conditions can alter behavioral responses. In this study, we observed antipredator response behaviors in foraging New Holland honeyeaters, small passerines sensitive to changes in energy status throughout the day. We found that honeyeaters allowed researchers to approach more closely in the morning and evening before fleeing and escaped by flying more often than hopping as the day progressed. Our results suggest that antipredator behaviors are sensitive to current energy status and impending energy needs. In addition, we show that time of day is an important consideration in the experimental design and statistical analysis of behavior studies