Zasady kształtowania wynagrodzenia za pracę według encykliki Jana Pawła II Laborem exercens

Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu „Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia”. Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00. Publikacja dofinansowana przez Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskieg

National courts as regulatory agencies and the application of EU law

The European legal order gives an important role to national judges. They are expected to observe EU law rules and apply them to the domestic legal disputes where appropriate. For a long time, the academic literature on the application of European law in the courts of the member states had a normative and doctrinal focus. It described what European law and the Court of Justice of the EU expects from national judges. Data from different studies, however, shows some variation in how judges see this role. Based on these findings, this article introduces four types of rule application, which are constructed along the lines of more or less use of EU law. These types are meant not only to bring order to the data collected but to inspire further research on the influence of the organization of courts and court systems on decision-making patterns

Impact of window computed tomography (CT) parameters on measurement of inflammatory changes in paranasal sinuses

Background: In accordance with the European guidelines on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (EPOS 2012), CT is used as the main imaging modality for the assessment intensity of inflammatory lesions. The aim of this study was to measure the differences in the assessment of inflammatory changes in the paranasal sinuses due to different parameters of width (W) and length (L) of the CT window. Material/Methods: A retrospective analysis included 44 CT scans of the paranasal sinuses that were performed in adults. All studies were characterized by the presence of inflammatory changes in at least one of the sinuses. Measurements of the same inflammatory lesions were performed sequentially with different CT windows. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the average measurements that were performed with the use CT windows dedicated for the sinuses and head. A downward trend in the measured values and a shift towards soft tissue values was observed with decreasing window parameters. Conclusions: A major cause of inaccurate examinations of pathological changes in the paranasal sinuses may be due to selection of unsuitable CT windows. Therefore, in order to avoid missing inflammatory lesions in the paranasal sinuses, it is reasonable to use CT windows dedicated for the sinuses or bones

Villous trophoblast cell turnover in placentas from preterm pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Disturbed trophoblast turnover, a key process in placental physiology, may lead to a number of pregnancy-associated pathologies. This study examines PCNA expression and describes and quantifies morphological changes during trophoblast turnover in preterm placentas and term placentas complicated by IUGR. The number of CTF cells increased two-fold in preterm and IUGR placentas. A concurrent and slightly reduced proliferation rate of these cells was also found. The number of STF nuclei of terminal villi was lower by 21% in IUGR and by 18% in preterm placentas (P>0.05). A statistically significant reduction of the number of syncytial knots by 50% as compared to the control placentas was observed. Correlations between PCNA-reactive CTF nuclei and syncytial knots, PCNA-reactive CTF nuclei and CCO activity, and CCO activity and syncytial knots were found. Moreover, a strong inverse relation was observed between syncytial knots and CTF cells, and CCO activity and CTF cells

Anhydrites from gypsum cap-rock of Zechstein salt diapirs

Petrographic studies of gypsum cap-rock formations of the Wapno, Dębina, Mogilno (Poland) and Gorleben (Germany) salt domes indicate that the occurrence of anhydrite in the domes, in the form of both single grains which sometimes create an anhydritic sandstone bed in the bottom section of the cap-rocks, and massive fragments or anhydrite rocks (detached blocks), most often represent the Main Anhydrite formations.Both types of anhydrites:- can be distinguished owing to their different structures and textures,- are subjected to the gypsification process, although anhydrite sand and sandstone are transformed quickly, while detached blocks of anhydrite very slowly.Residuum anhydrites are concentrated in the cap-rock bottom and/or dispersed in coarse-crystal gypsums, while detached blocks occur irregularly

Reliability of histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of a single biopsy for evaluation of endometrial health in Icelandic mares

Introduction. Endometritis and endometrosis have been and still are the major reasons for infertility in mares. The diagnosis of endometritis can be based on cytology and microbiology, but endometrial biopsy is still the only way to diagnose endometrosis in the mare. Our study attempted to determine if a single biopsy using his­topathology and immunohistochemistry is sufficient to ascertain reasons for infertility in Icelandic mares. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between deviations in endometrial biopsies in terms of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS-2) and fibronectin expression and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) infiltration, as well as scoring degeneration in two endometrial biopsies. Material and methods. Materials were collected from 53 Icelandic breed mares, from whom two endometrial biopsies were collected and they were used for histopathology and for immunohistochemistry for PTGS-2 and fibronectin. Results. In our study, twenty-six of 53 mares (49%) showed differences in the biopsy score between the left and the right uterine horns (p = 0.002). There were statistically significant differences in fibronectin expression (p = 0.001), as well as in PTGS-2 expression in the superficial epithelium (p = 0.017). Conclusions. Significant differences in the biopsy score, and fibronectin and PTGS-2 expression, between two endometrial biopsies obtained from individual mares demonstrated that a single biopsy could be insufficient for diagnosing uterine health status in Icelandic mares

Phylogenetic implications of nuclear rRNA IGS variation in Stipa L. (Poaceae)

The article takes up the problem of deficiency of molecular marker, which could illustrate molecular variability as well as phylogenetic relation within the genus of Stipa L. (Poaceae). Researches made so far hadn’t delivered sufficient information about relationships between particular taxa from the genus of Stipa. In the present study, we analyzed variability and phylogenetic informativeness of nuclear ribosomal DNA in six species from the genus against five other species from Poaceae including a division of this region into functional elements and domains. Our results showed that the intergenic spacer region, and especially its part adjacent to 26 S nrDNA, is a molecular marker giving a real chance for a phylogeny reconstruction of Stipa. The region seems to be the most phylogenetically informative for Stipa from all the chloroplast and nuclear markers tested so far. Comparative analysis of nrDNA repeat units from Stipa to other representatives of Poaceae showed that their structure does not deviate from the general scheme. However, the rate of evolution within the inter-repeats in the IGS region is extremely high and therefore it predestines the region for phylogenetic analyses of Stipa at genus level or in shallower taxonomic scale