Pancreas Β-Cells in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Cell Death, Oxidative Stress and Immune Regulation. Recently Appearing Changes in Diabetes Consequences

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) develop due to dysfunction of the Langerhans islet β-cells in the pancreas, and this dysfunction is mediated by oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondrial stresses. Although the two types of diabetes are significantly different, β-cell failure and death play a key role in the pathogenesis of both diseases, resulting in hyperglycemia due to a reduced ability to produce insulin. In T1D, β-cell apoptosis is the main event leading to hyperglycemia, while in T2D, insulin resistance results in an inability to meet insulin requirements. It has been suggested that autophagy promotes β-cell survival by delaying apoptosis and providing adaptive responses to mitigate the detrimental effects of ER stress and DNA damage, which is directly related to oxidative stress. As people with diabetes are now living longer, they are more susceptible to a different set of complications. There has been a diversification in causes of death, whereby a larger proportion of deaths among individuals with diabetes is attributable to nonvascular conditions; on the other hand, the proportion of cancer-related deaths has remained stable or even increased in some countries. Due to the increasing cases of both T1D and T2D, these diseases become even more socially significant. Hence, we believe that search for any opportunities for control of this disease is an overwhelmingly important target for the modern science. We focus on two differences that are characteristic of the development of diabetes’s last periods. One of them shows that all-cause death rates have declined in several diabetes populations, driven in part by large declines in vascular disease mortality but large increases in oncological diseases. Another hypothesis is that some T2D medications could be repurposed to control glycemia in patients with T1D

Properties of alluvial soils of taiga forest under anthropogenic salinisation

The environmental impact of deposit development can be indirect and can cause combined geochemical processes in ecosystems. These must be taken into consideration under environmental forecasting and environmental risk assessment. Soil degradation in the Taiga Forest is considered, within the area of Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit (Russia), as an example of such environmental transformation. Here, the mechanism and characteristics of the anthropogenic salinisation of alluvial soils under potash deposit development are newly described. It was found that there is a strong anthropogenic impact of the potash industry on valley soils where the contaminated Na-Cl groundwater discharges or is close to the surface. The valley soils are characterised by high salinity, and the sum of toxic salts in soils has reached 26%. Alluvial gley humic clay chloride saline soil (Gleyic Fluvisols (Salic, Loamic, Technic)) and secondary solonchak on alluvial humic clay soil sulphate-chloride gypsum-containing surface-gleyed (Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic, Technic)) were formed in hydromorphic conditions. Morphological, physicochemical and mineralogical analyses were carried out. Under hydromorphic conditions, Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Hypersalic, Loamic) was described to show a hydrotroillite layer and reddish-yellow iron-rich precipitates on its surface. The top soil horizon has the highest content of iron minerals (up to 84.9%) and Fe-bearing plant residues (up to 20%). Additionally, the spongy and gel-like organic materials, as well as the siliceous remains of diatoms, are enriched in Ca, Fe, Cl, K, Na, S and P. The lower soil horizon consists of black gel-like phases and hydrogen sulphide settings with a high content of plant residues. The insoluble part of the samples contains up to 84% hydrogoethite. The sources of iron in soils and bottom sediments include the iron-enriched Sheshma sediments speckled rocks, slurry material, halite wastes and soil minerals of alluvial gley soils

Comparative inter-country analysis of assessment of the effectiveness of state housing policy: statistical instruments

The article provides a comparative analysis of assessment of the effectiveness of housing policies in Austria, Germany and Russia in the context of the adequate housing concept. In modern world management practice, there is no universal set of criteria for assessing the housing policy effectiveness, however, there are sets of indicators in the public information resources of these countries that can reflect such an assessment. The only problem is information asymmetry, in which each country forms its own set of estimated indicators, which leads to their incomparability. At that, the need for such data exists in connection with the need to update the current results of the housing policy implementation and the assessment of current trends in the housing sector development. Each country has its own mechanism for assessing the effectiveness of housing policy, based on its own set of parameters corresponding to the determined goals and directions of the housing sector development. Adequate housing as a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the housing policy implementation allows a full demonstration of the effectiveness of measures implemented by the state in the housing sector. The concept of adequate housing, as an actual doctrine of the national development of the housing sector, allows for a comparative analysis of the housing policy of different countries by assessing and comparing the effects of its implementation. According to the study of housing policy in Austria, Germany and Russia, it was determined that the national model of housing policy evolves in the development of concepts, goals, implementation mechanism and depends both on the level of satisfaction of the need for housing, and on historical experience, traditions and socio-economic characteristics of management at this stage

The increase in the incidence of syphilis in the Russian Federation: foreign migrant citizens as a risk group for the spread of the disease

Relevance. The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has a serious impact on the health and lives of children, adolescents and adults. Syphilis, like most STIs, is a socially significant disease, while among the factors influencing the spread of this infection, migration processes, including labor migration, occupy a special place. Aims. To study syphilis in foreign migrants in the Russian Federation and individual subjects of the state in recent years. Material and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of syphilis among the population of the Russian Federation and foreign migrants was performed. The data from Federal Statistical Monitoring Form No. 9 and No. 34 was used with reference to STIs incidence in 2011–2022 in Russia and in its regions. Results. Among foreign migrant citizens, the incidence rates were higher than the Russian average: 1.5–2.0 times before 2020, and 4 times in 2021 and 2022. The proportion of registered cases of syphilis among foreign citizens in 2021 was 36.4%, significantly exceeding this figure not only in 2020 (18.2%), but also in previous years (16.7–21.2%). An increase in the number of foreign citizens with syphilis was observed in 2021 in all federal districts of the Russian Federation, while the number of syphilis cases detected in this contingent of people varied significantly between different regions of the Russian Federation. The main share (98.1%) in the structure of syphilis detected in foreign citizens was latent forms of the disease. Conclusions. The high level of detection of syphilis in foreign migrant citizens and the predominance of latent forms of the disease in this population represent a potential epidemiological danger of the spread of infection. In connection with the current situation, it seems necessary to develop and implement permanent and controlled algorithms for monitoring STIs in risk groups, including foreign migrant citizens

Konzeption und Analyse von qualitativen Bewertungsansätzen für ausländische Direktinvestitionen auf Ebene multinationaler Organisationen.

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Peroxiredoxin 6 Applied after Exposure Attenuates Damaging Effects of X-ray Radiation in 3T3 Mouse Fibroblasts

Although many different classes of antioxidants have been evaluated as radioprotectors, none of them are in widespread clinical use because of their low efficiency. The goal of our study was to evaluate the potential of the antioxidant protein peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) to increase the radioresistance of 3T3 fibroblasts when Prdx6 was applied after exposure to 6 Gy X-ray. In the present study, we analyzed the mRNA expression profiles of genes associated with proliferation, apoptosis, cellular stress, senescence, and the production of corresponding proteins from biological samples after exposure of 3T3 cells to X-ray radiation and application of Prdx6. Our results suggested that Prdx6 treatment normalized p53 and NF-κB/p65 expression, p21 levels, DNA repair-associated genes (XRCC4, XRCC5, H2AX, Apex1), TLR expression, cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-6), and apoptosis, as evidenced by decreased caspase 3 level in irradiated 3T3 cells. In addition, Prdx6 treatment reduced senescence, as evidenced by the decreased percentage of SA-β-Gal positive cells in cultured 3T3 fibroblasts. Importantly, the activity of the NRF2 gene, an important regulator of the antioxidant cellular machinery, was completely suppressed by irradiation but was restored by post-irradiation Prdx6 treatment. These data support the radioprotective therapeutic efficacy of Prdx6

Thymulin and peroxiredoxin 6 have protective effects against streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes in mice

Protective effects of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) in RIN-m5F β-cells and of thymulin in mice with alloxan-induced diabetes were recently reported. The present work was aimed at studying the efficiency of thymulin and PRDX6 in a type 1 diabetes mellitus model induced by streptozotocin in mice. Effects of prolonged treatment with PRDX6 or thymic peptide thymulin on diabetes development were evaluated. We assessed the effects of the drugs on the physiological status of diabetic mice by measuring blood glucose, body weight, and cell counts in several organs, as well as effects of thymulin and PRDX6 on the immune status of diabetic mice measuring concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma (TNF-α, interleukin-5 and 17, and interferon-γ), activity of NF-κB and JNK pathways, and Hsp90α expression in immune cells. Both thymulin and PRDX6 reduced the physiological impairments in diabetic mice at various levels. Thymulin and PRDX6 provide beneficial effects in the model of diabetes via very different mechanisms. Taken together, the results of our study indicated that the thymic peptide and the antioxidant enzyme have anti-inflammatory functions. As increasing evidences show diabetes mellitus as a distinct comorbidity leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and increased mortality in patients with COVID-19 having cytokine storm, thymulin, and PRDX6 might serve as a supporting anti-inflammatory treatment in the therapy of COVID 19 in diabetic patients

Legal aspects of Blockchain`s technology applicability for registration of intellectual rights

This article describes systems of accounting for the results of creative work, reveals possibilities for Blockchain`s technology applicability for providing information about the protected results of intellectual activity and their inclusion in the turnover (commercialization). Legal mechanisms play an important role for successful implementation of the opportunities which form the basis of this technology. It also requires addressing the unjustified legal obstacles for applicability of the technology and, at the same time, deciding which includes the technology into established legal mechanisms. Authors analyze the main issues which may arise when including the results of intellectual activity into accounting systems based on Blockchain technologies

High resolution X-ray diffraction study of proton irradiated silicon crystals

Radiation-induced modification of semiconductors is achieved by controlled introduction of intrinsic structural and impurity defects. Conventionally, introduction of radiation-induced defects is used as an efficient tool for controlling the lifetime of metastable carriers in local areas of silicon based devices and supporting mechanisms of avalanche-like breakdown through radiation-induced defect levels. Desired parameters of damaged layers are typically achieved during post-implantation heat treatment. There are recent applications of proton irradiation in silicon technology. A significant growth of luminescence was observed in proton irradiated silicon and attributed to the formation of special rod-shaped clusters of interstitial type radiation defects. We have studied the transformation of radiation-induced defects forming as a result of proton implantation into n silicon crystals with a resistivity of 100 Ω cm using high resolution X-ray diffraction and shown that sequential implantation of 100, 200 and 300 keV protons with a fluence of 2.1016 cm−2 causes the formation of a 2.4 μm thick damaged layer with a greater lattice parameter. The layer forms simultaneously with intrinsic clusters of vacancy and interstitial type radiation-induced defects. Vacuum annealing of the irradiated crystals at 600 °C increases the power of the radiation-induced defects of both types and reduces their quantity. Interstitial type defects dominate after annealing at 1100 °C. We have assessed the power of the defects at every transformation stage