Addition of magnesium sulphate to ropivacaine for spinal analgesia in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy

The aim of this blinded, randomised, prospective clinical trial was to determine whether the addition of magnesium sulphate to spinally-administered ropivacaine would improve peri-operative analgesia without impairing motor function in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Twenty client-owned dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: group C (control, receiving hyperbaric ropivacaine by the spinal route) or group M (magnesium, receiving a hyperbaric combination of magnesium sulphate and ropivacaine by the spinal route). During surgery, changes in physiological variables above baseline were used to evaluate nociception. Arterial blood was collected before and after spinal injection, at four time points, to monitor plasma magnesium concentrations. Post-operatively, pain was assessed with a modified Sammarco pain score, a Glasgow pain scale and a visual analogue scale, while motor function was evaluated with a modified Tarlov scale. Assessments were performed at recovery and 1, 2 and 3 h thereafter. Fentanyl and buprenorphine were administered as rescue analgesics in the intra- and post-operative periods, respectively. Plasma magnesium concentrations did not increase after spinal injection compared to baseline. Group M required less intra-operative fentanyl, had lower Glasgow pain scores and experienced analgesia of longer duration than group C (527.0 ± 341.0 min vs. 176.0 ± 109.0 min). However, in group M the motor block was significantly longer, which limits the usefulness of magnesium for spinal analgesia at the investigated dose. Further research is needed to determine a clinically effective dose with shorter duration of motor block for magnesium used as an additive to spinal analgesic agents

Palpation accuracy of thoracolumbar spinous processes using T13 and the 13th pair of ribs as landmarks in dogs

There is a lack of studies of methods for the clinical assessment of spinal orientation in dogs. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of the identification of the thoracolumbar spinous process by palpation using T13 and the associated pair of ribs. We wished to assess whether spinal localization can be accurately determined by this method and whether the accuracy depends on examiner experience and variables linked to dog characteristics. Four examiners identified different thoracolumbar spinous processes in 120 dogs using one-hand palpation of the T13 spinous process and the 13th pair of ribs. The spinous process (T13, L1 or L2) was marked with a hypodermic needle and a laterolateral radiograph or a postoperative ventrodorsal radiograph of the thoracolumbar spine was performed to confirm the vertebral determination. The relationship of accuracy to length of the examiner's fingers, training level and the body condition score of the dogs (BCS) were determined. Identification was correct in 87.5% of the cases. All the defined vertebrae were identified with no difference in accuracy (p=0.89). There was no difference between individual examiners (p=0.26). The size of hand had no influence (p=0.13). There was a statistically signifi cant association between the palpatory accuracy and a BCS of 5 (OR=21.11; 95% CI 1.08 - 5.02; p=0.003), as well as with the factor of an experienced examiner in dogs with a BCS of 5 (OR=5.76; 95% CI 0.14 - 3.36; p=0.019). Considering the whole study population, the palpatory accuracy of detecting the thoracolumbar spinous process using T13 and the 13th pair of ribs seems to be independent of examiner experience. In neurosurgical cases the authors recommend confirming the findings by means of diagnostic imaging

Aspectos epidemiológicos da hanseníase na cidade de Recife, PE em 2002 Epidemiologic aspects of leprosy in the city of Recife, Pernambuco state, 2002

FUNDAMENTOS: Ainda é de grande importância a hanseníase como problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, devido a sua alta endemicidade. OBJETIVO: Determinar as principais características dessa enfermidade na cidade de Recife no ano de 2002. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo observacional retrospectivo, mediante o preenchimento de um questionário específico, analisando-se 100 prontuários de pacientes assistidos em centro de referência do Recife em 2002. Elaborou-se um banco de dados, e a análise foi feita utilizando-se o software EPI-Info-6. Obtiveram-se as freqüências simples das variáveis, e realizou-se análise bivariada, estudando-se as diferenças entre as proporções por meio do qui-quadrado. O ponto de corte foi p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento da freqüência dos casos de hanseníase com a idade (7% dos casos ocorreram em crianças e adolescentes, e 11% em maiores de 65 anos) (p<0,001). A distribuição por sexo mostrou diferença significativa (masculino 57%, feminino 43%) (p<0,001). A forma tuberculóide possui a maior prevalência, com 42% dos casos (p<0,001) e maior incidência no sexo feminino, enquanto no sexo masculino prevaleceu a dimorfa (x²=18,83; p<0,001). As formas paucibacilares (tuberculóide e indeterminada) apresentaram lesão única ou variação de duas a cinco lesões em 55,4% e 37,5% dos casos, respectivamente (x²=37,04; p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Foi possível constatar que a cidade ainda é uma região endêmica devido à grande incidência da forma tuberculóide no meio, indicador epidemiológico sugestivo de tendência crescente da endemia na região. Só o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce dos casos poderão quebrar a cadeia de transmissão da doença.<br>BACKGROUND: As a problem of Public Health in Brazil, leprosy is still important due mainly to its high endemicity. OBJECTIVES: Determine the main characteristics of this disease in the city of Recife, Pernambuco state (PE), in 2002. METHODS: Based on data acquired from a questionnaire completed by patients, a retrospective study was carried out to analyze 100 handbooks of patients attended to in a reference center of Recife in 2002. A data base was elaborated and EPI-INFO-6 software was used for the analysis. Simple variable frequencies were obtained and a bi-varied analysis was made by studying ratio differences by means of chi-square. The cut off point was p<0.05. RESULTS: An increase of leprosy was observed to occur with age (7.0% of cases in children and adolescents and 11.0% in adults over 65 years of age), (p<0.001). Distribution per sex showed significant differences (male 57.0%, female 43.0%), (p<0.001). The tuberculoid form had the highest prevalence in all of the age ranges studied, with 42.0% of cases (p<0.001), and its incidence was highest in females, while borderline cases predominated in males (x²=18.83; p<0.001). The paucibacillary forms (tuberculoid and indeterminate) showed only one lesion or two-to-five lesions in 55.4% and 37.5% of the cases, respectively (x²=37.04; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to demonstrate that Recife is still an endemic region due to a high incidence of the tuberculoid form, i.e. the epidemiological pointer suggestive of increased endemic diseases in the region. Only with the diagnosis and early treatment of the cases can the transmission of the illness chain be broken