Integrated optical modulator manipulating the polarization and rotation handedness of Orbital Angular Momentum states

AbstractRecent studies demonstrated that the optical channels encoded by Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) are capable candidates for improving the next generation of communication systems. OAM states can enhance the capacity and security of high-dimensional communication channels in both classical and quantum regimes based on optical fibre and free space. Hence, fast and precise control of the beams encoded by OAM can provide their commercial applications in the compatible communication networks. Integrated optical devices are good miniaturized options to perform this issue. This paper proposes a numerically verified integrated high-frequency electro-optical modulator for manipulation of the guided modes encoded in both OAM and polarization states. The proposed modulator is designed as an electro-optically active Lithium Niobate (LN) core photonic wire with silica as its cladding in a LN on Insulator (LNOI) configuration. It consists of two successive parts; a phase shifter to reverse the rotation handedness of the input OAM state and a polarization converter to change the horizontally polarized OAM state to the vertically polarized one. It is shown that all four possible output polarization-OAM encoded states can be achieved with only 6 V and 7 V applied voltages to the electrodes in the two parts of the modulator.</jats:p

Transovarial Transmission of Babesia ovis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum

Background: Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma marginatum are the most common spe­cies in sheep herds in Northeast of Iran. There is preliminary evidence that these species may be the vectors of Babesia ovis in Iran. We carried out two experiments in Mashhad area, Khorasan Razavi Province to determine whether B. ovis could be transovarially transmitted by R. san­guineus and H. marginatum.Methods: In experiment 1, adults of laboratory reared H. marginatum and R.sanguineus were infected with B. ovis isolated from naturally infected sheep in Mashhad area by feeding the ticks on the sheep inoculated intravenously by infected blood samples. The inoculated sheep showed clinical signs with parasitaemia while the adult ticks were engorging on them. The engorged fe­males were collected and kept at 28°C and 85% relative humidity in incubator. Then, larval, nym­phal and adult stages derived from engorged females were used to infest the clean sheep. In experiment 2, two splenectomized sheep were infested only with the same adult ticks of two spe­cies.Results: Examination of smears and PCR of blood samples to detect of B. ovis in infested sheep in two experiments were negative.Conclusion: It seems that R. sanguineus and H. marginatum can not transovarially transmit B. ovis in sheep

Endoscopic screening for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth common cancer and the sixth most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains the most common type of EC in the developing world and an important health problem in high-risk areas. Most of ESCC cases present in late stages, resulting in delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis. Prevention is the most effective strategy to control ESCC. Primary and secondary preventive methods may be considered for ESCC. In primary prevention, we try to avoid known risk factors. The aim of the secondary preventive method (ESCC screening programs) is to detect and eliminate premalignant precursor lesion of ESCC, preventing its progression into advanced stages. Similar to all population-based screening programs, any screening for early detection of ESCC must be cost-effective; otherwise, screening may not be indicated in that population. Endoscopy with iodine staining has been accepted as a population-level ESCC screening program in some high-risk areas including parts of China. This method may be too expensive and invasive in other high-risk communities. Nonendoscopic methods may be more applicable in these populations for population-based screenings. The limitations (questionable validity and costs) of new endoscopic imaging modalities, including narrow-band imaging (NBI), made them inappropriate to be used in population-level ESCC screening programs. Low-cost, less-invasive endoscopic imaging methods with acceptable diagnostic performance may make screening of ESCC in high-risk areas cost-effective

Prime costs of hospital services in Ghaem hospital in Firouzabad, Fars

Activity-Based Costing puts a price on service systems and recognizes the opportunities for saving the costs. It foresees the main financial lines of organizations and can be a suitable guide for resource allocation. Using Activity-Based Costing model, the present study calculated the Prime costs of all services provided by Firouzabad Ghaem Hospital in Fars province. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2010 in a descriptive-analytical method. The research population included all diagnostic and therapeutic sections of a hospital in Fars province. The required data was collected through information forms, and the price was calculated by using Activity-Based Costing model. In the present study, the highest costs were for human resources (60.93%) and the lowest ones for consumable items and materials (1.85%). According to the obtained results, the radiology department had the most profitability (34.91%) while CCU and ICU were the most loss-making units (-0.03%). According to prime cost calculations, the hospital is profitable and the loss-making units can reach economic efficiency through the better management of human resources

Prime costs of hospital services in Ghaem hospital in Firouzabad, Fars

Activity-Based Costing puts a price on service systems and recognizes the opportunities for saving the costs. It foresees the main financial lines of organizations and can be a suitable guide for resource allocation. Using Activity-Based Costing model, the present study calculated the Prime costs of all services provided by Firouzabad Ghaem Hospital in Fars province. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2010 in a descriptive-analytical method. The research population included all diagnostic and therapeutic sections of a hospital in Fars province. The required data was collected through information forms, and the price was calculated by using Activity-Based Costing model. In the present study, the highest costs were for human resources (60.93%) and the lowest ones for consumable items and materials (1.85%). According to the obtained results, the radiology department had the most profitability (34.91%) while CCU and ICU were the most loss-making units (-0.03%). According to prime cost calculations, the hospital is profitable and the loss-making units can reach economic efficiency through the better management of human resources

Nonclassicality of induced coherence witnessed by contextuality

Quantum indistinguishability by path identity generates a new way of optical coherence, called ``induced coherence". The phenomenon, originally uncovered by Zou, Wang, and Mandel's experiment, is an emerging notion in modern quantum experiments with a wide range of implications. However, there has been controversy over its true quantum nature and whether the result can be emulated with classical light. We design a suitable contextuality test that can determine the conditions under which the setting produces distinguishing quantum predictions that cannot be described classically, namely, via the noncontextual hidden variable model.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Flow injection spectrofluorimetric determination of cystine and cysteine

A relatively simple and sensitive procedure with spectrofluorimetric detection was developed for the determination of cystine and cysteine by flow injection system with sequential determination. This method is based on the reduction of Tl(III) with cysteine in acidic media, producing a fluorescence reagent, TlCl3(2-) (&#955;ex = 227 nm, &#955;em = 419 nm). Before injection, the sample solution was divided into two streams. The first stream was treated with Cd reduction column and then joined with the carrier to react with Tl(III) at pH 5.0 and then passed through a 100 cm reaction coil to the flow cell of the spectrofluorimeter, where the fluorescence intensity was measured (&#955;ex = 227 nm, &#955;em = 419 nm). This signal is related to cystine and cysteine concentrations. The second stream of sample solution was injected directly into the carrier stream to react with the reagents and then passed through the reaction coil and detector for measuring the fluorescence intensity. The signal in this step is related only to cysteine. Thus, the cystine content was determined directly from difference of the two signals. Cystine and cysteine can be determined in the range of 0.10 to 5.50 µmol L-1 and 0.20 to 8.0 µmol L-1, respectively, at a rate of 20 samples per hour. The limit of detection (3s/k) was 0.10 µmol L-1 for both analytes. The relative standard deviations for ten replicates determination of 4.0 and 3.5 µmol L-1 cystine or cysteine were 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively. The influence of potential interfering substances was studied. The proposed method was successfully applied to the sequential determination of both analytes in pharmaceutical samples