2,101 research outputs found
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Spray structure from double fuel injection in multihole injectors for gasoline direct-injection engines
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Spray characteristics of a multi-hole injector for direct-injection gasoline engines
The sprays from a high-pressure multi-hole nozzle injected into a constant-volume chamber have been visualized and quantified in terms of droplet velocity and diameter with a two-component phase Doppler anemometry (PDA) system at injection pressures up to 200 bar and chamber pressures varying from atmospheric to 12 bar. The flow characteristics within the injection system were quantified by means of a fuel injection equipment (FIE) one-dimensional model, providing the injection rate and the injection velocity in the presence of hole cavitation, by an in-house three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model providing the detailed flow distribution for various combinations of nozzle hole configurations, and by a fuel atomization model giving estimates of the droplet size very near to the nozzle exit. The overall spray angle relative to the axis of the injector was found to be almost independent of injection and chamber pressure, a significant advantage relative to swirl pressure atomizers. Temporal droplet velocities were found to increase sharply at the start of injection and then to remain unchanged during the main part of injection, before decreasing rapidly towards the end of injection. The spatial droplet velocity profiles were jet-like at all axial locations, with the local velocity maximum found at the centre of the jet. Within the measured range, the effect of injection pressure on droplet size was rather small while the increase in chamber pressure from atmospheric to 12 bar resulted in much smaller droplet velocities, by up to four-fold, and larger droplet sizes by up to 40 per cent
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Cavitation Inside Enlarged And Real-Size Fully Transparent Injector Nozzles And Its Effect On Near Nozzle Spray Formation
The effect of string cavitation in various transparent Diesel injector nozzles on near nozzle spray dispersion angle is examined. Additional PDA measurements on spray characteristics produced from real-size transparent nozzle tips are presented. Highspeed imaging has provided qualitative information on the existence of geometric and string cavitation, simultaneously with the temporal variation of the spray angle. Additional use of commercial and in-house developed CFD models has provided complimentary information on the local flow field. Results show that there is strong connection between string cavitation structures and spray instabilities. Moreover, elimination of string cavitation results in a stable spray shape that is only controlled by the extent of geometric-induced cavitation pockets. Finally, PDA measurements on real-size transparent nozzle tips have confirmed that such nozzles reproduce successfully the sprays generated by production metal nozzles
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Influence of cavitation on near nozzle exit spray
The importance of cavitation inside multi-hole injectors for direct injection internal combustion (IC) engineshas been addressed in many previous investigations. Still, the effect of cavitation on jet spray, its stability and liquid breakup and atomisation is not yet fully understood. The current experimental work aims to address some of these issues. It focuses on the initiation and development of cavitation inside a 7Ă— enlarged transparent model of a symmetric 6-hole spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) injector and quantifies the effect of cavitation on near-nozzle spray cone angle and stability utilising high speed Mie scattering visualisation. The regions studied include the full length of the nozzle and its exitjet spray wherethe primary breakup takes place
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Effects of intake flow on the spray structure of a multi-hole injector in a DISI engine
The spray characteristics of a 6-hole injector were examined in a single cylinder optical direct injection spark ignition engine. The effects of injection timing, in-cylinder charge motion, fuel injection pressure, and coolant temperature were investigated using the 2-dimensional Mie scattering technique. It was confirmed that the in-cylinder charge motion played a major role in the fuel spray distribution during the induction stroke while injection timing had to be carefully considered at high injection pressures during the compression stroke to prevent spray impingement on the piston
Gauged motion in general relativity and in Kaluza-Klein theories
In a recent paper [1] a new generalization of the Killing motion, the {\it
gauged motion}, has been introduced for stationary spacetimes where it was
shown that the physical symmetries of such spacetimes are well described
through this new symmetry. In this article after a more detailed study in the
stationary case we present the definition of gauged motion for general
spacetimes. The definition is based on the gauged Lie derivative induced by a
threading family of observers and the relevant reparametrization invariance. We
also extend the gauged motion to the case of Kaluza-Klein theories.Comment: 42 pages, revised version, typos correction along with some minor
changes, Revtex forma
Ecological sensitivity of the Persian Gulf coastal region (Case study: Bushehr province)
Coastal area sensitivity evaluation is in fact, the evaluation of an extraordinary ecological rich region. This study has been based on established criteria and values. The aim of this sensitivity evaluation has been to give objectivity to the Bushehr Province coastline region, so as to be able to pinpoint areas requiring ecological protection. With this objective, initially, the boundaries of the area under evaluation were first established, based on the findings of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management plan (ICZM). Then, based on these parameters and bygeo-referencing photo mosaic Land Sat Satellite images (2003) and IRS’ (2004) were taken and basic maps of two influential areas were evaluated within the above mentioned limits which included the coastal village boundaries. The coastal line of the area being evaluated (set back line) was 673.62 kms comprising an area of 384,810hectares. In this research the blueprint of a linear mathematical model was planned according to the Analytic Hierarchy Process method backed by the Arc-GIS Software program. In this model the value of influencing sensitivity factors were not applied in the same manner but by determining weight coefficients, the value and importance of each factor was determined according to the amount of sensitivity inflicted on the specified environment. In total, in the area under consideration, about 30 percent were defined as very high sensitivity areas
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Comparative study of non-premixed and partially-premixed combustion simulations in a realistic Tay model combustor
A comparative study of two combustion models based on non-premixed assumption and partially premixed assumptions using the overall models of Zimont Turbulent Flame Speed Closure Method (ZTFSC) and Extended Coherent Flamelet Method (ECFM) are conducted through Reynolds stress turbulence modelling of Tay model gas turbine combustor for the first time. The Tay model combustor retains all essential features of a realistic gas turbine combustor. It is seen that the non-premixed combustion model fails to predict the combustion completely due to an incorrect assumption of diffusion flame scenario invoking infinitely fast chemistry in complicated flow environments while the two partially premixed combustion models accurately predict the flame pattern in the primary region of the combustor. The ZTFSC model outperformed the ECFM model by producing a better temperature agreement with the experimental result. The latter model predicts lower temperature due to the underestimation of reaction progress. Additionally, a cross-comparison of the present RSM prediction invoking ZTFSC model with LES prediction reported in the literature is conducted. The former produces more accurate species concentration and flame pattern than the latter. This is mainly due to the incorrect assumption of non-premixed combustion used in LES prediction reported in the literature. It is interesting to find that when non-premixed combustion model is used for both RSM and LES predictions, the LES predicts higher temperature closer to the injection nozzle of combustor than the RSM model, though the flame shape in both cases is incorrect. This is mainly due to the fact that the traditional RANS model dissipates the energy of swirling flow too fast in the primary region of the combustor. The weaker centre recirculation zone (CRZ) created by vortex breakdown recirculate less air to the area near the injection nozzle resulting in fuel rich combustion. It indicates that the temperature difference between predicted results using RSM in conjunction with ZTFC model and experimental results can be improved by using less energy dissipating turbulence models such as scale resolving simulation (SRS)
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