An Investigation of Biodiesel Production from Wastes of Seafood Restaurants

This work illustrates a comparative study on the applicability of the basic heterogeneous calcium oxide catalyst prepared from waste mollusks and crabs shells (MS and CS, resp.) in the transesterification of waste cooking oil collected from seafood restaurants with methanol for production of biodiesel. Response surface methodology RSM based on D-optimal deign of experiments was employed to study the significance and interactive effect of methanol to oil M : O molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and mixing rate on biodiesel yield. Second-order quadratic model equations were obtained describing the interrelationships between dependent and independent variables to maximize the response variable (biodiesel yield) and the validity of the predicted models were confirmed. The activity of the produced green catalysts was better than that of chemical CaO and immobilized enzyme Novozym 435. Fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were measured and compared with those of Egyptian petro-diesel and international biodiesel standards. The biodiesel produced using MS-CaO recorded higher quality than that produced using CS-CaO. The overall biodiesel characteristics were acceptable, encouraging application of CaO prepared from waste MS and CS for production of biodiesel as an efficient, environmentally friendly, sustainable, and low cost heterogeneous catalyst

Effect of different pretreatments on egyptian sugar-cane bagasse saccharification and bioethanol production

AbstractSugar-cane processing generates large amount of bagasse. Disposal of bagasse is critical for both agricultural profitability and environmental protection. Sugar-cane bagasse is a renewable resource that can be used to produce ethanol.In this study, twelve microbial isolates, five bacteria, four yeasts and three filamentous fungi were isolated from sugar-cane bagasse. Bacterial and yeast isolates were selected for their ability to utilize different sugars and cellulose. Chipped and ground bagasse was subjected to different pretreatment methods; physically through steam treatment by autoclaving at 121°C and 1.5bar for 20min and/or different doses of gamma γ irradiation (50 and 70Mrad). Autoclaved pretreated bagasse was further biologically treated through the solid state fermentation process by different fungal isolates; F-66, F-94 and F-98 producing maximum total reducing sugars of 18.4., 26.1 and 20.4g/L, respectively.Separate biological hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process for bagasse was done by the two selected fungal isolates; Trichoderma viride F-94 and Aspergillus terreus F-98 and the two yeast isolates identified as Candida tropicalis Y-26 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-39. SHF processes by F-94 and Y-26 produced 226kg of ethanol/ton bagasse while that of F-98 and Y-39 produced 185kg of ethanol/ton bagasse

Statistical optimization of alginate immobilization process of candida stauntonica strain MY1 for bioethanol production

In this study a new yeast strain was isolated from Egyptian sugarcane molasses for its high capability of bioethanol fermentation,under anaerobic conditions.It was identified on the basis of its 18S rDNA to be Candida stauntonica MY1 (Accession No.KM657091). The central composite face centered design CCFD matrix and response surface methodology were applied in designing and optimizing the process of calcium-alginate immobilization of MY1 yeast cells to maximize its bioethanol productivity from glucose and evaluate the influence and interactive effect of three critical immobilization parameters; bead size (diameter,mm),initial inoculum size (g/L) and alginate concentration (g/L) on the bioethanol yield. Three quadratic model equations have been predicted ending out how statistically significant the effects of these variables (factors) and their interactions are in practice. The validity of the predicted models was confirmed. The optimum conditions for cell immobilization were found to be 2.5mm, 2.5 g/L and 5.5g/L,respectively. That produced 4.4 g/L bioethanol,with actual yield of 41.9% i.e. YP/S0.42g ethanol/g glucose, which was about 2.3 fold higher than that produced with free cells batch fermentation operated under the same conditions;48 h, pH5.5, 30oC and 100rpm. The immobilized cells showed good stability, with long storage time 21d and can be used for four successive batches with maximum bioethanol productivity

Thermodynamic, adsorption and electrochemical studies for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by henna extract in acid medium

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in the presence of different concentrations of aqueous extract from henna leaves in 1 M HCl solution has been studied using the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel was studied in the temperature range 293–333 K. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing temperature. The activation and free energies for the inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of henna extract on C-steel surface is endothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that henna extract acts as a mixed inhibitor. Surface and protective film analysis have been carried out using; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis

Statistical optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower waste cooking oil using basic heterogeneous biocatalyst prepared from eggshells

A statistical design of experiments DOE was applied to investigate biodiesel fuel BDF production process from sunflower waste cooking oil SWCO using heterogeneous bio-catalyst produced from eggshells ES. It was based on 3 level D-optimal design involving as factors methanol:oil M:O molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt%), reaction time (min) and mixing rate (rpm). Twenty runs were carried out. A predictive linear interaction model has been correlated finding out how significant the effects of these variables are in practice. LINGO software was used to find out the optimum values of the aforementioned variables for enhancing the process. According to the results obtained, the most dominant positive factor influencing the response variable (% BDF yield) was M:O molar ratio followed by catalyst concentration (wt%) and mixing rate in a decreasing order while the reaction time showed to have a negative effect on the yield. The maximum BDF yield (98.8% and 97.5%, predicted and experimental, respectively) was obtained at M:O 6:1 M ratio, catalyst concentration 3 wt%, reaction time 30 min, mixing rate 350 rpm and 60 °C. Also response surface methodology RSM has been applied to study the interactive effects of independent variables on BDF yield. It was found that, the interaction between M:O and catalyst concentration (wt%) has more significant effect than interaction between other variables. The activity of the produced bio-catalyst was comparable to that of chemical CaO and immobilized enzyme Novozym 435. All the physicochemical characteristics of the produced BDF using the prepared bio-catalyst and its blends with petro-diesel fuel PDF are completely acceptable and meet most of the required standard specifications

A kinetic study for the removal of anionic sulphonated dye from aqueous solution using nano-polyaniline and Baker’s yeast

In this study, a method for the removal of anionic sulphonated Acid Red 14 (AR) dye from aqueous solution using the chemical interaction of dye molecules with nano-polyaniline is reported. Nano-polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidation in presence of different surfactants. The experimental observations from UV/Vis spectroscopy, rule out the possibility of secondary doping of polyaniline salt by AR14 molecules. A possible mechanism for the chemical interaction between the polymer and dye molecules is proposed. In order to get a better comparison, adsorption experiments were also carried out using Baker’s yeast (BY) individually and in mixture with nano-PANI. Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of AR dye on the selected adsorbents are also reported. It was found that application of BY with PANI for the removal of anionic sulphonated dyes such as AR dye from aqueous solution is very promising