Introduction to the Douglass C. North Memorial Issue

This is the accepted version of the following article: Geoffrey M. Hodgson, ‘Introduction to the Douglass C. North memorial issue’, Journal of Institutional Economics, (early view) 1 December 2016, which has been published in final form at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137416000400 ©Cambridge UniversityPress 2016This introduction considers the highly influential contribution of Douglass C. North to economic history and institutional economics, as it developed from the 1960s until his death in 2015. It sketches the evolution of his arguments concerning the roles of institutions, organizations and human agency. North’s conception of the economic actor became progressively more sophisticated, by acknowledging the role of ideology and adopting insights from cognitive science. Eventually he abandoned the proposition that institutions are generally efficient, to propose instead that sub-optimal institutional forms could persist. A few noted criticisms of North’s work are also considered here, ranging from those which are arguably off the mark, to others that retain some force. The contributions to this memorial issue are outlined at the end of this introduction.Peer reviewe

The effects of music on helping behavior: A field study

Several studies indicate that mood can influence the likelihood of an individual demonstrating instances of helping behavior, and one previous laboratory study has indicated that music can be used to bring about manipulations of mood to such an end. To investigate this in a naturalistic setting, 646 users of a university gym were played either uplifting or annoying music while theyworked out. Upon completionof theirworkout, they were asked to either sign a petition in support of a fictitious sporting charity (i.e., a low-cost task) or to distribute leaflets on their behalf (i.e., a high-cost task). Responses to the petition-signing measure indicated a ceiling effect with almost all participants offering to help. However, consistent with previous research on mood and helping behavior, uplifting music led to participants offering to help more on the high-cost, leaflet-distributing task than did annoying music

Lifestyle correlates of musical preference: 1. Relationships, living arrangements, beliefs, and crime

Several studies indicate that musical preferences provide a means of discriminating between social groups, and suggest indirectly that musical preferences should correlate with a variety of different lifestyle choices. In this study, 2532 participants responded to a questionnaire asking them to state their musical preference and also to provide data on various aspects of their lifestyle (namely interpersonal relationships, living arrangements, moral and political beliefs, and criminal behaviour). Numerous associations existed between musical preference and these aspects of participants’ lifestyle. The nature of these associations was generally consistent with previous research concerning aputative liberal–conservative divide between differing groups of fans. It is concluded that participants’ musical preferences provided a meaningful way of distinguishing different lifestyle choices

Episodic memories among irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients: An important aspect of the IBS symptom experience

Objective: Some IBS patients possess detailed memories of the events surrounding their bowel symptom onset ( episodic memories ). In this exploratory study we sought to: (1) examine memory relationship with gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity, extraintestinal symptoms, and mood; (2) qualitatively explore memory valence and content in IBS patients with or without episodic memories. Methods: Referral IBS patients Results: 14/29 (48.3%) of IBS subjects endorsed episodic memories of IBS symptom onset, often GI infections/enteritis (35.7%). Recall of the exact year (69%) and month (60%) of symptom onset were common. Episodic memories were associated with greater IBS symptom severity/bother, higher anxiety/depression, and poorer HRQOL. Though AMT and SCEPT memory specificity were not different based on episodic memories, overgeneralization to negatively-valenced cues in the AMT was associated with more severe IBS in those without episodic memory. Qualitative analysis revealed no observable differences in topic focus of IBS patients with and without episodic memories. Conclusions: IBS patients often endorse episodic memories associated with symptom onset, and this recall seems to associate with more severe symptoms. Overgeneralization responses to negative stimuli may lead to worse bowel symptoms in those without episodic memories. IBS memory specificity may associate with qualitative differences in processing psychosocial experiences and might be important to IBS pathophysiology

Dual Mission Scenarios for the Human Lunar Campaign - Performance, Cost and Risk Benefits

Scenarios for human lunar operations with capabilities significantly beyond Constellation Program baseline missions are potentially feasible based on the concept of dual, sequential missions utilizing a common crew and a single Ares I/CEV (Crew Exploration Vehicle). For example, scenarios possible within the scope of baseline technology planning include outpost-based sortie missions and dual sortie missions. Top level cost benefits of these dual sortie scenarios may be estimated by comparison to the Constellation Program reference two-mission-per-year lunar campaign. The primary cost benefit is the accomplishment of Mission B with a "single launch solution" since no Ares I launch is required. Cumulative risk to the crew is lowered since crew exposure to launch risks and Earth return risks are reduced versus comparable Constellation Program reference two-mission-per-year scenarios. Payload-to-the-lunar-surface capability is substantially increased in the Mission B sortie as a result of additional propellant available for Lunar Lander #2 descent. This additional propellant is a result of EDS #2 transferring a smaller stack through trans-lunar injection and using remaining propellant to perform a portion of the lunar orbit insertion (LOI) maneuver. This paper describes these dual mission concepts, including cost, risk and performance benefits per lunar sortie site, and provides an initial feasibility assessment

Rapid and improved assay of surfactins from Bacillus subtilis, 203R via UPLC-ESI-MS

To better bridge research with commercialization, this project sought to develop an improved analytical method for the assay of biosurfactants known as surfactins from Bacillus subtilis. We sought to compare levels of production from various strains of B. subtilis, including strain 203R, which was isolated from areas prone to oil degraders. The use of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry proved beneficial for the selective identification and quantification of surfactin lipopeptides. Surfactins were eluted in under 10 minutes and quantified using the total area of generated ions. Near baseline separation across the envelope gave an added layer of identification to the ions responsible for surfactins. These lipopeptides, having similar molecular masses to the iturins, nearly coelute complicating the analysis. By coupling retention time with fragmentation pattern, some isoforms could be distinguished. Validation of the method was achieved by obtaining 4 calibration curves on different days and applying linear regression analysis. Strain 203R was shown to be a superior producer of surfactins than the previously reported model strain ATCC 21332

Prospectus, March 25, 1974

ELECTION NULLIFIED BY STUDENT GOVERNMENT; Student Government Minutes; P/C Health Service Sponsors Blood Drive; Vets Outreach Program To Be Expanded By State; P/C Artists Contribute Posters For Two Community Events; StuGo Holds Special Meeting; Prospectus In Perspective; Letters To The Editor; The Short Circuit; Memo From President Staerkel: Slide Presentation, Open House For General Public, Community College Frontiers, Campus Progress; A Column By And For Women; NCAA Cringes At Equality In Sports Programs; Newman Club; The Last Detail: Rowdy, Intentionally Simplistic; Respiratory Therapy Applications Still Available For Fall; IFVC Convention; Behind the Books; Parkland Day Care Considered; True Facts; Congratulations; Bowling Bulletin Board; Canoe Trip; Classified Ads; Class A Tourney Exciting, Yet Disappointing; Five Lettermen Back For Cobra Baseball; Chicago Dominates??; Flores Earns All-American At NJCAA Nationals; Monday\u27s Coach; Road Rally Club Sets March Competition; Baseball Schedule (Tentative); Parkland Eventshttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1974/1017/thumbnail.jp

Induction of metamorphosis in the marine gastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta: 5HT, NO and Programmed Cell Death.

The central nervous system (CNS) of a metamorphically competent larva of the caenogastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta contains a medial, unpaired apical ganglion (AG) of approximately 25 neurons that lies above the commissure connecting the paired cerebral ganglia. The AG, also known as the cephalic or apical sensory organ (ASO), contains numerous sensory neurons and innervates the ciliated velar lobes, the larval swimming and feeding structures. Before metamorphosis, the AG contains 5 serotonergic neurons and exogenous serotonin can induce metamorphosis in competent larvae. The AG appears to be a purely larval structure as it disappears within 3 days of metamorphic induction. In competent larvae, most neurons of the AG display nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like immunoreactivity and inhibition of NOS activity can induce larval metamorphose. Because nitric oxide (NO) can prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death (PCD), we hypothesize that inhibition of NOS activity triggers the loss of the AG at the beginning of the metamorphic process. Within 24 hours of metamorphic induction, cellular changes that are typical of the early stages of PCD are visible in histological sections and results of a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay in metamorphosing larvae show AG nuclei containing fragmented DNA, supporting our hypothesis

Programmed Cell Death in the Apical Ganglion During Larval Metamorphosis of the Marine Mollusc Ilyanassa obsoleta

The apical ganglion (AG) of larval caenogastropods, such as Ilyanassa obsoleta, houses a sensory organ, contains five serotonergic neurons, innervates the muscular and ciliary components of the velum, and sends neurites into a neuropil that lies atop the cerebral commissure. During metamorphosis, the AG is lost. This loss had been postulated to occur through some form of programmed cell death (PCD), but it is possible for cells within the AG to be respecified or to migrate into adjacent ganglia. Evidence from histological sections is supported by results from a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, which indicate that cells of the AG degenerate by PCD. PCD occurs after metamorphic induction by serotonin or by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Cellular degeneration and nuclear condensation and loss were observed within 12 h of metamorphic induction by NOS inhibition and occur before loss of the velar lobes, the ciliated tissue used for larval swimming and feeding. Velar disintegration happens more rapidly after metamorphic induction by serotonin than by 7-nitroinda-zole, a NOS inhibitor. Loss of the AG was complete by 72 h after induction. Spontaneous loss of the AG in older competent larvae may arise from a natural decrease in endogenous NOS activity, giving rise to the tendency of aging larvae to display spontaneous metamorphosis in culture