Sleep Disturbances and Suicidality in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Overview of the Literature

A causal relationship between sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior has been previously reported. Insomnia and nightmares are considered as hallmarks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, patients with PTSD have an increased risk for suicidality. The present article gives an overview about the existing literature on the relationship between sleep disturbances and suicidality in the context of PTSD. It aims to demonstrate that diagnosing and treating sleep problems as still underestimated target symptoms may provide preventive strategies with respect to suicidality. However, heterogeneous study designs, different samples and diverse outcome parameters hinder a direct comparison of studies and a causal relationship cannot be shown. More research is necessary to clarify this complex relationship and to tackle the value of treatment of sleep disturbances for suicide prevention in PTSD

Tracking a big anticyclonic eddy in the western Mediterranean Sea

12 pages, 10 figures, 1 table[EN] In May 1998 a big and deep open ocean anticyclonic eddy (AE 98-1) was sampled in the Algerian basin (western Mediterranean sea) in a region south of the Balearic islands. Fifteen surface Lagrangian buoys, tracked by satellite, were released across the eddy and were used for a few months to observe the continuity of the anticyclonic motion and the westward drift of the eddy. This kind of big and intense eddies in the Mediterranean can be detected by satellite altimeter radars. Using a new method, based on the Okubo-Weiss criterion, to identify mesoscale eddies in Sea Level Anomaly maps derived from measurements of the ERS and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeters, an independent tracking of the same eddy was performed. There is a remarkable agreement between the two results despite the different nature of the information, mainly due to the fact that SLA maps contain interpolated and smoothed measurements while the drifter? trajectories are in situ data obtained from individual drifter fixes. The location of the eddy centre during two months with the two methods agrees within an average distance lower than the spatial resolution of the altimetric maps (0.2º). The size of the eddy, when it is possible to determine it, is also highly coincident in both cases (96.5% in diameter), and its average westwards translation speed is reasonably similar (24% lower from drifters). These results can be considered a good validation of the new tracking method in SLA maps in this specific case[ES] En mayo de 1998 un gran remolino anticiclónico de mar abierto fue observado al sur de las islas Baleares, en la cuenca Argelina (mar Mediterráneo occidental). Quince boyas superficiales de deriva fueron lanzadas a través del remolino, y su localización por satélite durante varios meses permitió seguir la continuidad del movimiento anticiclónico y el desplazamiento del remolino hacia el oeste. Este tipo de remolinos intensos puede ser detectado mediante radares altimétricos desde satélite. Un nuevo método, basado en el criterio de Okubo-Weiss, ha permitido seguir este mismo remolino en una serie de mapas de anomalías del nivel del mar obtenidos a partir de observaciones de los satélites ERS y TOPEX/POSEIDON. A pesar de que la información de los mapas altimétricos está interpolada y suavizada, y en cambio las trayectorias de los flotadores se han determinado a partir de localizaciones puntuales, se ha encontrado una concordancia notable entre ambos tipos de resultados. La posición del centro del remolino determinada con ambos métodos durante dos meses presenta unas diferencias que en promedio son menores que la resolución espacial de los mapas altimétricos (0.2º). El tamaño del remolino, cuando es posible calcularlo, es altamente coincidente (96.5% del diámetro), mientras que su velocidad de desplazamiento hacia el oeste es razonablemente parecida (24% inferior cuando se calcula a partir de los flotadores). Estos resultados pueden considerarse como una buena validación del nuevo método de seguimiento de remolinos de mesoescala en mapas altimétricos en el caso particular estudiadoThe ALGERS98 cruise on board the R/V Hespérides was part of the INTERMESO project funded by the Spanish National Programme on Environment and Natural Resources (AMB95-0901), and a contribution to the European research projects MATER (funded under contract MAS3-CT96-0051) and ALGERS (European Space Agency ERS AO E102/0)Peer reviewe

Проект цеха ионообменного извлечения золота, производительностью 3 тонны в год по металлу

Данный дипломный проект посвящен проектированию цеха сорбционного выщелачивания золота из руды Покровского месторождения с использованием цианистых растворов. Годовая производительность цеха по металлу составляет 3 т. По результатам материальных балансов выщелачивания и сорбции золота из пульпы проведены аппаратурный и механический расчеты пачука сорбционного выщелачивания. Разработаны аппаратурно-технологическая схема и функциональная схема автоматизации цеха. Построен план цеха сорбционного выщелачивания золота. Рассчитаны основные технико-экономические показатели. Проведен анализ вредных и опасных факторов производства, проработаны меры по охране труда и окружающей среды.The present diploma project is dedicated to the design of the sorption leaching workshop for gold from Pokrovskoe deposit using cyanide solutions. The annual workshop efficiency for the metall is 3 tons. Based on the results of material balances of leaching and sorption of gold from pulp, instrumental and mechanical calculations of the pachuc for the sorption leaching were carried out. The process flow diagram and the functional automation diagram of the workshop were developed. The plan of the sorption leaching workshop for gold was constructed. The main technical and economic indicators were calculated. The analysis of harmful and dangerous factors of production has been carried out, measures on labor and environment have been worked out

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Prevalence and psychopathological characteristics of depression in consecutive otorhinolaryngologic inpatients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>High prevalence of depression has been reported in otorhinolaryngologic patients (ORL). However, studies using a semi-structured interview to determine the prevalence of depression in ORL are lacking. Therefore the present study sought to determine the depression prevalence in ORL applying a semi-structured diagnostic interview and to further characterize the pathopsychological and demographic characteristics of depression in these patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One-hundred inpatients of the otorhinolaryngologic department of a German university hospital participated voluntarily (age M = 38.8 years, SD = 13.9; 38.0% female). Depression was assessed using a clinical interview in which the International Diagnostic Checklist for depression (IDCL) was applied. Patients completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) which constitutes three composite scores and nine symptom scales and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Multivariate analyses of variance, correlations and effect sizes were conducted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A prevalence of depression of 21.0% was determined, 38.0% of the depressed patients were female. Depressed patients showed higher scores on the BSI-scales "interpersonal sensitivity", "depression", "anxiety", "phobic anxiety" and "psychoticism" with medium effect sizes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>High prevalence of depression was found which is in accordance with results of prior studies. Depressed patients showed higher psychological distress as compared to non-depressed patients. The results call for carrying on in engaging in depression research and routine depression screening in ORL.</p